聚丙烯酰胺对聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的影响

研究发现阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对聚合物驱含油污水处理有正反2方面影响.聚合物能增加污水粘度,降低油珠上浮速度,而且聚合物能增加油水界面水膜强度,延缓油珠聚并时间,这是聚合物对油珠沉降分离的不利影响;同时,聚丙烯酰胺具有絮凝性,能将水中油珠连接到一起,有利于油珠聚并.当聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量为2.72×10⁶,浓度小于800mg/L时,絮凝作用大于粘度作用,有利于油珠的沉降分离.初始油珠粒径小是聚合物驱含油污水难处理的主要原因.横向流除油器可以加速油珠聚并,缩短沉降时间,适合处理聚合物驱含油污水.     

油田聚合物驱采出污水絮凝过程研究

针对油田聚合物驱（简称聚驱）采出污水,通过对油滴粒度分布、絮凝指数、油水分离特性和Zeta电位等指标的测定,研究了聚合物、温度、药剂以及搅拌强度对絮凝过程的影响,并探讨了影响聚驱采出污水油水分离效果的主要原因.结果表明,静电排斥并不是聚驱采出污水异常稳定的主要原因. 聚驱采出污水的油水分离特性与水驱采出污水相比存在显著差别,主要因为聚合物阻碍了小油滴的碰撞絮凝. 投加250mg/L由改性聚醚类破乳剂和弱阳离子絮凝剂复合而成的CHP-03药剂,可以有效克服聚合物的阻碍作用,获得92%的含油去除率. 该药剂在絮凝过程中并不依靠电中和机理来实现油滴的脱稳. 在现场条件下,温度的提高不能明显地促进油滴絮凝的有效性. 适当的高速搅拌可以加快絮体生长. 油滴之间的聚结破乳滞后于絮凝,絮凝的后期应避免剧烈搅拌,防止尚未聚结破乳的油滴重新分散.     

含聚合物污水回注时污染地层的主要物质分析

笔者系统分析了大庆油田南三区东部聚合物驱产出水处理前后原油、聚合物、固体悬浮物、无机离子和细菌等成分的含量及其固体悬浮物颗粒直径大小与分布,并且对该区聚合物驱产出水主要特征进行了总结,在此基础上,根据油层损害机理并且结合该区油层的孔渗特征,研究和确定了污染物质。得出结论:聚合物驱产出水中硫酸盐还原菌是主要污染物质,此外,向萨葡油层的低、中渗层及高台子油层回注时,固体悬浮物和原油也是主要污染物质,而聚合物仅对低渗层造成损害;常规处理方法对污水中原油处理效果最好,而对PAM和固体悬浮物处理不太理想。      

玉米秸秆生物炭对稻田土壤砷、镉形态的影响

通过室内土壤培养的方法模拟稻田土壤环境,研究淹水环境下添加(1%添加量)不同温度制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(CB-300、CB-400、CB-500)对砷、镉复合污染稻田土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值及不同形态砷、镉含量动态变化的影响.结果表明,热解温度会影响玉米秸秆生物炭的理化性质,热解温度由300℃升至500℃,玉米秸秆生物炭芳香性增加,亲水性和极性降低,灰分含量增加,pH值升高.淹水环境下添加玉米秸秆生物炭处理相比对照(CK)可提高土壤pH值0.20~1.24,升高幅度大小为CB-500CB-400CB-300CK,随着培养时间的延长,pH值趋于平衡状态;淹水环境下土壤氧化还原电位均迅速下降,且不同处理组间存在显著差异,生物炭制备温度越高下降效果越明显,培养至第96 d时氧化还原电位降到最低.CK、CB-300、CB-400、CB-500处理组弱酸可提取态镉含量由淹水前的73.55%分别降至63.46%、57.73%、54.50%、53.94%,随着培养时间的延长,土壤中弱酸可提取态及可氧化态镉逐渐向残渣态及可还原态镉转化.土壤pH值与弱酸可提取态镉含量之间呈显著负相关关系.淹水环境下土壤可交换态砷含量升高,玉米秸秆生物炭的施加导致土壤交换态、Ca-结合态、Al-结合态和Fe-结合态砷含量逐渐上升,上升幅度分别为75.68%、20.92%、13.49%、48.66%,残渣态砷含量下降;土壤pH值与交换态砷含量之间呈显著正相关关系.研究结果可为砷、镉复合污染稻田安全生产与阻控提供数据支持.     

淹水对酸性红壤磷吸附解吸特性的影响——以江西省旱地红壤和水稻土为例

采用室内培养法研究了淹水对2种酸性红壤（旱地红壤、水稻土）磷吸附解吸特性及草酸可提取态P的影响。淹水培养实验中,2种土壤分别淹水0（对照）,1、2、3、4、8周,淹水培养结束后进行P吸附解吸实验,解吸实验结束后测定土样中草酸可提取态P。结果表明：与氧化状态相比,淹水后旱地红壤P吸附量减少,水稻土淹水1、2、3周P吸附量高于氧化状态,继续淹水4和8周后P吸附量减少。淹水前后旱地红壤P吸附量均大于水稻土。用简单Langmuir方程拟合P等温吸附曲线,除淹水4周外,P最大缓冲容量（MBC）随淹水时间延长而降低。结合能常数（K）淹水前后的变化规律性差。2种土壤P解吸量随加入P量增加而增加。氧化、还原状态下,2种土壤酸性草酸铵可提取P均远远大于CaCl2解吸P,虽然水稻土吸附P量低于旱地红壤,但P解吸量无论是CaCl2解吸P还是酸性草酸铵可提取P均大于旱地红壤,主要原因在于水稻土全P及速效P含量大于旱地红壤。淹水后草酸可提取态P增加,吸附P的释放和被新近形成的铁氧化物再吸附是淹水后草酸可提取态P增加的主要原因。     

Flood policy reversal in australia

In 1977 the Government of New South Wales introduced a flood prone lands policy which attempted to break with the past emphasis on structural works. Cornerstones of the policy were the preparation of floodplain maps, and use of the 1:100 (100 year or 1%) flood to delineate floodplains and 1:20 flood for floodway definition. The fiscal and regulatory elements of the policy were to be applied more or less uniformly within the two zones. At first there was little effective opposition to the program, but this changed when large areas of Sydney, which had not been inundated since development, were mapped. Local government concern over issues of legal liability led to decisions which in turn prompted opposition to the policy from residents' action groups and property development interests. A perceived drop in property values provided the main motivation for action by residents. This pressure for change, which intensified just before the 1984 state election, saw the policy overturned.
The new policy gives local government greater responsibility for floodplain management. State authorities have withdrawn from floodplain mapping, although technical advice will continue to be provided, and there are no longer any uniform floodplain or floodway definitions. Policy implementation is to be guided by a Manual which attempts to define flood hazard in terms of both physical and social criteria.     

重庆市洪涝灾害的特点、成灾机制成灾背景调查与分析

洪涝灾害是重庆较为严重的一种自然灾害，本文分析重庆市洪涝灾害特征入手，在此基础上，对重庆市洪涝灾害的成灾机制做了阐述，并从影响洪涝灾害夏季降水的主要物理因素、地形地貌背景、地表径流与水系和人为活动等方面对重庆市洪涝灾害的成灾背景进行分析，阐明了各成灾因背景之间的相互联系。     

水盐梯度对闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为了揭示水盐梯度对河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,对闽江河口不同淹水环境和盐度下短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地土壤水稳性团聚体进行了测定与分析.结果表明:①闽江河口半咸水湿地和淡水湿地0～30 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体、微团聚体和大团聚体的含量分别为63.12%～77.49%、6.82%～31.64%、4.38%～22.63%.除20～30 cm土层外,高潮滩0～20 cm土壤粉+黏团聚体和大团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而增加,增幅分别为8.74%～9.85%和105.54%～144.40%;0～20 cm土壤微团聚体含量均随盐度的增加而降低,高潮滩降幅为59.56%～65.20%,低潮滩降幅为55.65%～60.92%.②高潮滩土壤团聚体稳定性随盐度的增加而增加,盐度对微团聚体、大团聚体含量(DR_(0.25))和平均重量直径(MWD)的作用力在不同土层均影响显著,盐度和淹水的交互作用对各级土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响均不显著.③土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤TC含量呈倒"U"型关系.综上,淹水环境变化对土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响较小,盐度和有机碳含量是影响闽江河口湿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的重要限制性参数.     

Adaptive Management and Climate Change Adaptation: Two Mutually Beneficial Areas of Practice

Adaptive management (AM) is a rigorous approach to implementing, monitoring, and evaluating actions, so as to learn and adjust those actions. Existing AM projects are at risk from climate change, and current AM guidance does not provide adequate methods to deal with this risk. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an approach to plan and implement actions to reduce risks from climate variability and climate change, and to exploit beneficial opportunities. AM projects could be made more resilient to extreme climate events by applying the principles and procedures of CCA. To test this idea, we analyze the effects of extreme climatic events on five existing AM projects focused on ecosystem restoration and species recovery, in the Russian, Trinity, Okanagan, Platte, and Missouri River Basins. We examine these five case studies together to generate insights on how integrating CCA principles and practices into their design and implementation could improve their sustainability, despite significant technical and institutional challenges, particularly at larger scales. Although climate change brings substantial risks to AM projects, it may also provide opportunities, including creating new habitats, increasing the ability to quickly test flow‐habitat hypotheses, stimulating improvements in watershed management and water conservation, expanding the use of real‐time tools for flow management, and catalyzing creative application of CCA principles and procedures.     

不同类型清水剂处理油田含聚污水的效果对比

考察了阳离子型CWC-14、非离子型NQS-01和阴离子型AQS-08 3类清水剂对油田含聚污水的处理效果,对比了它们的作用特点和絮体性能。实验结果表明:在清水剂加入量350 mg/L、处理温度65℃、搅拌转速300 r/min、搅拌时间5 min的条件下,CWC-14、NQS-01和AQS-08对含聚污水的除油率分别为98.8%、98.0%和99.4%;NQS-01受处理温度、搅拌条件影响较大;CWC-14受污水中聚合物质量浓度影响最大。清水剂的絮体特点与其作用机理有关,CWC-14的絮凝速率最快,起效时间最短,絮体呈黏性大块状;NQS-01的絮凝速率最慢,起效时间最长,絮体呈浮油状;AQS-08的絮凝速率和起效时间适中,絮体呈松散状、流动性好。对比结果表明,非阳离子型清水剂可有效避免油田含聚污水处理过程中的黏性油泥问题。