基于淹水特征的分时段湿地生态系统管理——以南洞庭湖万子湖为例

利用2013年遥感影像和地形图制作地势图,将万子湖湿地洲滩分为27 m以下、27~28、28~29、29~30、30 m以上共5级地势阶梯。利用1983~2013年万子湖逐日平均水位数据分析不同地势阶梯洲滩在春汛期、洪水期、退水期、枯水期等4个时段的淹水特征,结合生物特性和人为干扰分析,确定万子湖湿地生态系统管理的边界范围和策略。研究表明:4个时段中的生态系统管理边界分别为29、31、29、28 m地势阶梯分界线,3个重点时段和管理区域为:春汛期,管理目标是产卵亲鱼保护,28 m以下洲滩是重点管理区域;退水期,管理目标是保障鱼类洄游,28 m以下洲滩和湖槽洄游通道是重点管理区域;枯水期,管理目标是洲滩上鱼类产卵场、幼鱼索饵场和越冬候鸟栖息地的恢复与保护,28 m以下洲滩是重点管理区域。而生态系统管理重点则是去除过度人为干扰(包括洲滩过度开发、过度捕捞),恢复湿地生态系统整体性功能,应坚决停止重点区域内滩涂水面的养殖承包、引淤抬洲、洲滩植树等系列干扰性活动。     

常年淹水和干旱对三峡库区消落带菖蒲生长恢复的影响

菖蒲是三峡库区常见的一种湿生植物,本研究探讨了常年淹水对菖蒲生长恢复的影响,并分析了干旱对露水后菖蒲生长恢复的影响,为三峡库区消落带植被恢复物种的选择提供科学依据.分别于2009年9月和2010年9月前后2次将菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)植株完全淹水,分别于翌年3、4、5月将植株露水(分别记为S1、S2和S3),2011年定期统计植株数和叶片数,测定叶长、叶宽.结果表明,淹水导致植株萌发数显著低于对照,且随着淹水时间增加植株萌发数呈显著降低趋势;淹水显著促进3月和4月露水植株叶片的伸长和形成,其叶长、叶片数、株叶长和总叶长显著高于对照,而5月露水植株的叶长、叶宽、叶片数、株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数均显著低于对照.随着淹水时间的增加露水后植株死亡数呈显著增大趋势,S1和S2组的叶长、叶宽显著增长,叶片数显著降低,而S3组植株叶长、叶宽、叶片数、株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数均显著降低.干旱导致对照、S1和S2组植株叶长、叶宽、株叶长、总叶长、叶片数和总叶片数均显著降低,植株存活数显著降低;干旱胁迫去除25 d后,对照、S1和S2组植株的叶片数分别增加了67.0%、66.7%和36.2%,且S1和S2组植株的株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数分别增加了48.2%、18.1%,66.7%、35.0%,75.0%、64.3%,差异显著(P<0.05).因此,菖蒲不仅对淹水的适应和耐受能力较强,而且露水后的生长恢复能力及对干旱的恢复能力也较强,可作为三峡库区消落带(特别是3月和4月露水区域)的恢复、重建物种.     

淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响研究

针对稻田土壤镉污染的问题,探讨常用氮、磷、钾肥料品种对土壤镉有效性的影响,采用淹水培养方法,研究了在水稻生长季节施用不同肥料或添加酸、碱对土壤中镉有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤淹水后pH显著增加,特别是培养初期;随着培养时间的延长,pH逐渐回落,并趋向中性.土壤中有效Cd的变化趋势与pH变化趋势相反,两者间存在显著的线性负相关,淹水使土壤有效Cd下降58.2%~84.1%.肥料类型/品种对土壤镉有效性的影响存在显著差异,氮肥的影响较为复杂,钾肥其次,磷肥最小.在所有肥料中,氯化铵对土壤pH降低最多,对Cd的有效性增加最大;其他肥料依次为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾.硫酸铵、硫酸钾和磷酸一铵都显著降低了土壤Cd的有效性.无论是否经过淹水培养,添加酸、碱后土壤pH与土壤有效Cd呈显著负相关,相关系数(R)分别为-0.994和-0.919.本研究进一步表明,在受Cd污染的酸性水稻土上,应避免施用氯化铵,选用含硫肥料,配合施用碱性物质,并在水稻生长过程中保持淹水状态,可有效降低土壤Cd的有效性.     

三峡库区消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放及甲基化特征

为探索三峡库区消落带土壤淹水期汞的环境化学行为,利用模拟试验,设置A(15℃,低溶解氧(DO))、B(30℃,低DO)、C(15℃,高DO)3组处理,在人工气候培养箱中进行消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放与甲基化特征研究,淹水试验共进行了40 d.结果表明,淹水初期(0—10 d)土壤汞呈释放趋势,A、B、C等3组处理水体中总汞浓度逐渐增加,而土壤中总汞含量相应降低;随淹水时间的延长(10 d),二者达到平衡.淹水后,A、B、C处理上覆水甲基汞浓度随淹水时间的延长而升高,且分别在第15天、第8天、第15天达到峰值,第30天基本达到平衡;土壤甲基汞含量随淹水时间的延长而增高,并在第30天达到平衡,平衡时土壤及上覆水甲基汞浓度规律均表现为BAC.土壤-上覆水系统温度的适当升高利于土壤汞的释放及甲基化;高溶解氧利于土壤汞的释放,低溶解氧则更利于汞的甲基化.     

超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象,建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置.考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标,掌握放大规律,为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据.经过3000h长时间连续试运行,系统出水水质稳定,出水浊度低于1.0 NTU,悬浮物和含油量低于1.00 mg/L,矿化度低于1000 mg/L,水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求,证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的.     

Hot water flushing for immiscible displacement of a viscous NAPL

Thermal remediation techniques, such as hot water flooding, are emerging technologies that have been proposed for the removal of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from the subsurface. In this study a combined laboratory and modeling investigation was conducted to determine if hot water flooding techniques would improve NAPL mass removal compared to ambient temperature water flushing. Two experiments were conducted in a bench scale two-dimensional sandbox (55 cmx45 cmx1.3 cm) and NAPL saturations were quantified using a light transmission apparatus. In these immiscible displacement experiments the aqueous phase, at 22 degrees C and 50 degrees C, displaced a zone with initial NAPL saturations on the order of 85%. The interfacial tension and viscosity of the selected light NAPL, Voltesso 35, are strongly temperature-dependent. Experimental results suggest that hot water flooding reduced the size of the high NAPL saturation zone, in comparison to the cold water flood, and yielded greater NAPL mass recovery (75% NAPL removal vs. 64%). Hot water flooding did not, however, result in lower residual NAPL saturations. A numerical simulator was modified to include simultaneous flow of water and organic phases, energy transport, temperature and pressure. Model predictions of mass removal and NAPL saturation profiles compared well with observed behavior. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the utility of hot water flooding improves with the increasing temperature dependence of NAPL hydraulic properties.     

Urban flooding in Australia: Policy development and implementation

This paper presents a review of Australian urban riverine flooding. By world standards the Australian flood problem is relatively small, though there are pockets of development subject to regular severe inundation. In the past, government response to flooding was ad hoc and characterized by structural adjustments. The 1970s and 1980s, however, have seen a major shift in approach. The new approach emphasizes resource management rather than construction, and consists of the announcement of policies, enactment of enabling legislation, and the introduction of procedures to help ensure that the widest range of flood damage reduction measures are considered. The changes are evident at both the federal and state levels of government.
Though problems remain, particularly at the local government level, where ultimate responsibility for policy implementation generally rests, the authors feel there are good grounds for optimism. Some suggestions for future policy are offered and the importance of public safety is stressed.     

超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象，建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置。考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标，掌握放大规律，为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据。经过3000h长时间连续试运行，系统出水水质稳定，出水浊度低于1．0NTU，悬浮物和含油量低于1．00mg／L，矿化度低于1000mg／L，水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求，证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的。     

An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths

The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries.