城市降雨径流模拟的参数不确定性分析

以厦门城市小流域为例,基于蒙特卡洛随机采样和区域灵敏度分析(RSA)方法,从参数的可识别性和灵敏度分析2个方面来分析城市降雨径流SWMM模型参数的不确定性.结果表明,水文水力模块中汇水单元不透水区贮水深度(Dstore-Imperv)、汇水单元透水区贮水深度(Dstore-Perv)和CN特征曲线(Curve Number)这3个参数可识别性较好,区域灵敏度高;水文水力模块的区域灵敏度的排序为:Dstore-ImpervCNDstore-Perv汇水单元透水区曼宁糙率(N-Perv)传导系数(Conductivity)管道曼宁糙率(Con-Mann)汇水单元不透水区曼宁糙率(N-Imperv).水质模块冲刷函数中地表冲刷系数(Coefficient)和地表径流幂指数(Exponent)这2个参数以及累积函数中的地表最大可累积的污染物量(Max.Buildup)的识别性较高,区域灵敏度较大.而从区域灵敏度的排序来看,3种用地类型的地表累积速率(Rate Constant)参数K-S距离最小,Max.Buildup、Coefficient和Exponent参数的K-S距离相对较大.     

空投装备缓冲气囊匹配设计与仿真计算研究

目的解决缓冲气囊的研制周期长、成本高而设计效果却不够理想的问题。方法针对这个问题,对缓冲气囊的着陆缓冲过程进行解析建模,然后通过参数的无量纲化,将缓冲气囊的解析计算模型转化成无量纲动力学模型。借助缓冲气囊参数匹配图,根据试验需求对气囊缓冲系统进行匹配设计,然后采用有限元方法对气囊缓冲系统进行建模分析。结果搭建了气囊跌落缓冲试验系统,进行了气囊跌落缓冲试验,通过试验验证了参数匹配方法的有效性,并利用试验数据对有限元仿真计算结果进行了验证,配重平台最大加速度和气囊最大压强的误差分别为1.6%和3.1%。结论有限元仿真的精度可以满足分析要求,基本反映了实际的气囊缓冲特性。     

采用CaO强化氧化法处理高浓度甲醛废水的反应条件研究

高浓度甲醛废水在高温高pH的条件下,通过投加CaO强化氧化剂,实现了高浓度甲醛废水的甲醛快速降解转化.反应条件和投加药量如下:20 000 mg/L浓度的甲醛废水投加固体NaOH量、CaO量分别为2 kg/m 3高浓度甲醛废水和0.6 kg/m 3高浓度甲醛废水,当反应温度为80℃时,控制废水反应的pH值在9.5~10.0左右,当反应时间为30 min后,通过观察反应后废水的颜色和闻废水是否有甲醛的气味判定是否为反应的终点.当反应后的废水无甲醛气味,颜色为红棕色,即可判断为反应的终点,此时甲醛浓度降低到20 mg/L以下,甲醛的去除率为99.9%以上.     

Achieving sustainable biomaterials by maximising waste recovery

The waste hierarchy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle, recover’ can be followed to improve the sustainability of a product, yet it is not applied in any meaningful way in the biomaterials industry which focuses more on sustainable sourcing of inputs. This paper presents the results of industry interviews and a focus group with experts to understand how waste recovery of biomaterials could become more widespread. Interview findings were used to develop three scenarios: (1) do nothing; (2) develop legislation; and (3) develop certification standards. These scenarios formed the basis for discussions at an expert focus group. Experts considered that action was required, rejecting the first scenario. No preference was apparent for scenarios (2) and (3). Experts agreed that there should be collaboration on collection logistics, promotion of demand through choice editing, product ‘purity’ could be championed though certification and there should be significant investment and research into recovery technologies. These considerations were incorporated into the development of a model for policy makers and industry to help increase biomaterial waste recovery.     

合成革工业园区污水处理工程工艺设计

福鼎龙安合成革污水处理厂二期工程处理规模为1000m3/d，采用两级厌氧+两级A/O工艺处理龙安合成革生产基地各企业的外排废水。简要介绍了该工程的设计进出水质、工艺流程的确定和主要工艺参数选取，以及设计结果。     

硼氢化钾-原子荧光光谱分析法测定水中硒仪器参数条件优化及可靠性分析

结合水环境监测与评价工作的实际，研究水中硒测定方法（SL327．3-2005和GB／T5750．6—2006）。通过实验，全面分析了硼氢化钾-原子荧光光谱分析法测定水中硒的最佳适宜条件，并对仪器的参数及条件进行优化设置。该方法的检出限为0．0002mg／L，加标回收率为97．1％-105％，保证了检测数据准确性、精密性、代表性和方法的可靠性。     

Simulation of Surface Water for Un‐Gauged Areas with Storage‐Attenuation Wetlands1

Abstract: A nontraditional application of the Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) model to simulate freshwater discharge to upper Charlotte Harbor along Florida’s west coast was performed. This application was different from traditional HSPF applications in three ways. First, the domain of the model was defined based on the hydraulic characteristics of the landforms using small distributed parameter discretization. Second, broad wetland land forms, representing more than 20% of this area, were simulated as reaches with storage‐attenuation characteristics and not as pervious land segments (PERLNDs). Finally, the reach flow‐tables (F‐Tables) were configured in a unique way to be calibrated representing the uncertainty of the storage‐attenuation process. Characterizing wetlands as hydrography elements allows flow from the wetlands to be treated as a stage‐dependent flux. The study was conducted for the un‐gauged portion of the Peace and Myakka rivers in west‐central Florida. Due to low gradient tidal influences, a large portion of the basin is un‐gauged. The objective of this study was to simulate stream flow discharges and to estimate freshwater inflow from these un‐gauged areas to upper Charlotte Harbor. Two local gauging stations were located within the model domain and were used for calibration. Another gauge with a shorter period of record was used for verification. A set of global hydrologic parameters were selected and tested using the parameter optimization software (PEST) during the calibration. Model results were evaluated using PEST and well‐known statistical indices. The correlation coefficients were very high (0.899 and 0.825) for the two calibration stations. Further testing of this approach appears warranted for watersheds with significant wetlands coverage.     

改进的遗传算法在城市污水处理厂区间数优化设计模型中的应用

对于高度非线性的城市污水处理厂区间数优化设计模型(IPODM),若采用传统的方法求解,不仅计算繁琐,且难以有效地寻找全局最优解.本文通过引入遗传算法(GA),与传统的步长搜索法相结合,大大提高了问题的求解效率.本文给出了这种改进算法在某一城市污水处理厂优化设计中的应用实例.结果表明,不仅解的搜索效率有明显的提高,而且目标函数值在原有的基础上改进了20%,有着显著的经济效益;但是由于遗传算法自身的局限性,所求得的解只是一定条件下的最优区间解.     

腾冲火山区地震的震源参数

火山区地震与非火山区或者说一般构造区地震的震源参数有何差异?本文使用2002-06-13～09-13腾冲火山区流动数字地震观测台网记录到的火山区地震资料,用波谱分析方法测算腾冲火山区地震的震源力学参数。对其中33个地震分析得出:腾冲火山区的地震震源浅,震级偏小;地震矩M0在8.32×1010～8.96×1012N·m之间;震级与地震矩之间的关系式为logM0=0.98ML+10.48,与姚安构造区得出的结果基本一致;震源位错半径在0.124～0.418km;地震应力降在(0.005～0.277)×105Pa,仅为姚安构造区地震应力降的1/5。这些结果表明腾冲火山区存在浅的岩浆体活动,在该区无大的应力积累。     

基于差异进化算法的爆破震速参数识别与优化

爆破震动衰减特性研究通常采用经典的萨道夫斯基公式实现。如何根据不同爆破条件合理选择公式中的场地系数K和衰减指数α是确定爆破控制参数的关键。实际工程分析中,通常采用可监测参数反演识别方法获取K和α值。以大连地铁2号线201标段接收井横通道爆破作业为背景,基于差异进化(DE)算法中缩放因子F和交叉概率Cr贡献值的合理选择,研究萨道夫斯基公式K和α的反演问题。首先,通过对算法中F和Cr不同取值对萨道夫斯基公式计算结果的影响分析,得到各向震速条件下收敛最小的F和Cr值;然后,根据F和Cr取值反演K和α参数。工程实践表明,基于DE算法反演识别得到的K和α值代入萨道夫斯基公式,计算得到的垂向、纬向、经向速度及合速度与实测速度变化趋势一致,并处在合理误差范围之内。