纳米二氧化钛在老化环境条件下对铜诱导毒性的影响

纳米二氧化钛颗粒(nTiO₂)可以通过吸附表层水中共生重金属来改变它们对淡水无脊椎动物的毒性。然而,影响这种交互过程的几种环境因子的相对重要性仍不清楚。因此,本研究通过连续72 h的培养试验,评估了老化对Cu与nTiO₂对大型蚤Daphnia magna联合急性毒性的影响。在老化过程中,对老化时间以及离子强度、pH值和不同质量有机物质等因子都进行了考察。研究结果表明,尽管影响效应的大小不同,nTiO₂的存在往往减少了老化后Cu对大型蚤的诱发毒性,在没有nTiO₂的情况下,Cu对大型蚤急性毒性的EC₅₀值提高了3倍之多。此外,各种形态Cu的形成受到介质中的离子组成、pH值以及有机添加剂存在的影响,这一过程受到极大的调控,并随着老化时间对大型蚤生态毒性的响应有一定影响。尽管如此,该研究的结论对nTiO₂在淡水生态系统中不同环境条件下,改变重金属诱发毒性的潜在作用提供了有力的支持。然而,这种模式需要进一步验证,比如结合不同性质的重金属离子与不同的环境因素,如紫外线照射。
精选自Ricki R. Rosenfeldt, Frank Seitz, Ann-Cathrin Haigis, Johanna H?ger, Jochen P. Zubrod, Ralf Schulz, Mirco Bundschuh. Nanosized titanium dioxide influences copper induced toxicity during aging as a function of environmental conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1766–1774, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3325
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3325/full
     

废弃打印机硒鼓回收过程墨粉防爆研究

对打印机墨粉爆炸的有关参数(包括最大爆炸压力、爆炸指数Kmax、爆炸下限、粉尘层着火温度、粉尘云着火温度)进行了研究。结果表明:墨粉的爆炸压力比其组成树脂粉低,这可能与其中不可燃的磁性氧化铁添加物有关;墨粉的爆炸指数为18,易于发生燃烧和爆炸;墨粉的爆炸下限(<50 g/m3)较低,爆炸上限很高,易于形成可爆粉尘云,但高于400℃时不着火,不易发生自燃。研究结果将为废弃硒鼓墨粉的防爆提供基础数据,对防灾决策的深入研究具有参考价值。     

煤粉固硫燃烧的动力学研究

采用新汶、阳泉原煤作为实验用煤,选择Ca（OH）2作为主固硫剂,考察了Ca／S的变化对燃煤固硫燃烧特性以及动力学参数的影响,采用碳酸盐、氯化物和氢氧化物3大系列化学试剂作为添加剂,在Ca／S为1.5的条件下,考察了它们对Ca（OH）2固硫能力的影响,以及固硫煤粉的燃烧特性和动力学参数的变化,实验表明：1）碳酸钾添加剂的助固硫作用明显,将固硫率提高了14％左右;2）固硫剂Ca（OH）2的加入使Arrhenius曲线斜率增大,明显提高了燃烧反应的活化能;3）随着Ca／S的增加,原煤的着火点和结束点、活化能有逐渐增大的趋势;4）添加剂对原煤燃烧特性的影响并不显著,但对活化能的影响却十分明显,添加剂的加入有效地降低了燃烧反应的活化能。     

多层递阶方法在水资源预测中的应用

多层递阶预测是近十几年提出并发展起来的动态系统新型统计预测理论。由于该方法把动态系统看成是一个时变参数系统,因而符合客观这际预测误差相对较小,用它对水资源进行预测具有一定的实用价值。     

基于遗传算法的大气颗粒物的源解析

遗传算法是一种全局优化的随机搜索方法,适用于模型参数寻优。将遗传算法用于大气颗粒物源解析的CMB方程组中参数的优化,得到各污染源对大气颗粒物的优化贡献率。该方法应用于成都市大气颗粒物的源解析结果与用其他多种源解析法得出的结果基本一致。理论分析和应用实践表明了遗传算法用于大气颗粒物源解析研究具有简便、准确和实用性强等特点。      

Evaluation of biological water purification functions of inland lakes using an aquatic ecosystem model

An effective measure to cope with eutrophication of lakes is to remove nutrients that can cause algal blooming by taking advantage of natural water purification processes. Here the term “purification” is defined, in a wide sense, as the potential role of a water body to contribute to the reduction of pollutants and thus controlling eutrophication. Also regarded as a kind of ecological regulating services, biological purification involves various processes concerning seasonal nutrient fixation, such as uptake by aquatic macrophytes, biofouling onto foliage substrates, feeding by organisms in higher trophic level, and eternal loss or removal of substance from the water. In order to evaluate the water purification ability, a numerical lake ecosystem model highlighting the role of macrophyte colonies in the shore zone was developed and applied to Lakes Suwa, Kasumi and Biwa, as well as five small lakes attached to Lake Biwa.     

Cross‐sectional epidemiological study on arsenic excretion in urine of children and workers in Greece

An investigation was undertaken to study the exposure of children in areas with different air pollution and of adults working in three different plants (lead processing, battery plant, oil refinery) using arsenic in urine as a biological parameter. The arsenic excretion of the children are in agreement with the air pollution in the investigated areas. The workers in the lead processing plant are found to have the highest urine excretion values of the three worker collectives. The mean excretion values is nearly ten times higher than that found in the normal population.     

大变形隧道长短锚杆支护机理及设计应用

以常用锚杆支护理论为依托,根据锚杆的受力特点,分析了大变形隧道长短锚杆各自的支护机理,提出了其参数的设计方法,并通过算例计算和数值模拟验证的方式对其合理性进行了验证.结果表明,大变形隧道长短锚杆组合支护中,短锚杆加固浅部围岩形成承载拱结构,长锚杆将浅部承载拱结构稳定到深部围岩,两者联合支护有效地控制了隧道的大变形,支护方式有救,参数设计方法合理,保证了隧道的支护效果,对隧道支护设计具有重要的工程参考意义.     

河流湿地土壤芘的降解和生物有效性模型与酶活性动态变化(Model of Pyrene Degradation and Bioavailability and Dynamic Changes of Enzymatic Activities in the Riverine Wetland Soil)

在淹水和非淹水条件下,在河流湿地土壤中加入高浓度(10mg·kg-1)和极高浓度(200mg·kg-1)芘,研究了芘降解过程、芘生物有效性和土壤酶活性的长期动态变化.结果表明,培养91d后,高浓度芘处理的土壤中芘的残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为79.0%和51.4%,而极高浓度处理的芘残留率在淹水和非淹水条件下分别为61.1%和33.9%.利用Tenax-ta树脂提取快速解吸态生物有效芘,结果发现,有效芘浓度在高浓度芘处理的两种土壤中的值比较接近,分别为1.01mg·kg-1和1.23mg·kg-1;而有效芘浓度在极高浓度处理的两种土壤的相应值差别较大,分别为20.31mg·kg-1和9.44mg·kg-1.采用四参数Logistic模型能够精确地拟合芘降解过程和生物有效性变化过程(p<0.0001).土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶对芘污染敏感,而过氧化氢酶对芘污染不敏感.实验结果揭示了河流湿地土壤芘在淹水条件下降解活跃阶段持续时间短和芘生物有效性高的特征以及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性可以作为评估芘污染影响的候选指标.     

TROPICAL EUTROPHIC LAKE MODELING AND PARAMETER DISCRIMINATION1

ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected between 1978 and 1981 in a highly lake in Northern Venezuela, Lake Valencia, were analyzed to detect spatial and temporal trends. Based on the results of the analyses, an appropriate nutrient-algae dynamics model was formulated. Because many parameters, such as the algae concentration were constant over time, and the model is time dependent, the model had to be calibrated with the use of a large and structured trial-and-error calibration process. Through the calibration process, the most sensitive parameters of the model were identified, and are in order of importance: the chlorophyll-to-nitrogen ratio for algae, the algae settling velocity, the phosphorus release rate from the sediments, the chlorophyll-to-phosphorus ratio for algae, and the exchange coefficient in the upper layer of the lake. Model simulations showed that a reduction in the nitrogen load to the lake as well as a reduction in the phosphorus load will decrease the algae population. These model simulations had a high degree of uncertainty associated with them, making additional sampling directed towards the measurement of the sensitive parameters desirable.