无公害食用菌生产技术规程的制定研究

通过分析近年来我国食用菌生产管理和产品质量安全存在的问题,论述了开展无公害食用菌生产的重要性.同时吸收各地的生产经验.根据国家有关标准,从食用菌生产场所的选择、培养基材料和水的要求、栽培管理、病虫害防治、采后处理、加工贮藏和产品质量安全检测等几个方面,提出了一整套较系统的无公害食用菌生产技术操作规程.该项技术规程在生产上的推广应用,对提高食用菌生产技术水平、改善和保障食用菌产品质量、增强产品在国际市场的竞争力将产生积极的推动作用.     

组合型生态浮床的动态水质净化特性

研究开发了一种由水生植物、水生动物及微生物膜构建的组合型浮床生态系统.通过中试研究,考察了该浮床对富营养化湖泊水体在动态条件下的净化效果.结果表明,水体交换时间为7d时TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别为53 .8%、86 .0%和35 .4%.污染物的直接净化主体为人工介质和水生植物单元,但在生态浮床中引入河蚬增加水生动物单元,通过食物链的“加环"作用,提高了颗粒性有机物的可溶化和无机化（氨化）以及可生化性,改善了植物吸收以及人工介质单元生物膜中微生物的基质条件,促进微生物的生长和活性,提高了浮床的净化效果.     

节肢动物体内的总汞和甲基汞含量研究

分析了汞污染区河流沿岸草本植物及节肢动物样品中的汞含量.结果表明,节肢动物飞蝗、中华蚱蜢总汞含量分别为0 .032～0 .402 mg·kg^-1、0 .023～0 .362 mg·kg^-1,高于非污染区1个数量级.飞蝗、中华蚱蜢甲基汞含量分别为0 .003～0 .031mg·kg^-1、0 .004～0 .015 mg·kg^-1,占总汞比例分别为3 .5%～49 .7%和2 .0%～44 .4%.飞蝗、中华蚱蜢体内（一级消费者）汞含量低于其食物草本植物,与未受污染地区不同;螳螂体内（二级消费者）汞明显累积.飞蝗体内总汞含量随着个体长度增长呈下降的趋势,在中华蚱蜢体内则先增长后下降,甲基汞随着个体长度增长呈上升趋势;节肢动物个体不同部位中汞含量明显不同,腹>胸>头.节肢动物体内汞和甲基汞可能导致野生鸟类、家禽、两栖类生态风险.     

利用稳定同位素技术研究外源物质输入对太湖微食物链的贡献

应用碳氮稳定同位素方法研究了太湖不同营养状态湖区内外源物质对微生物食物链主要成分的贡献.结果表明,在有大量外来物质输入的河口区,细菌、浮游枝角类、溶解性有机物(DOM)和颗粒性有机物 (POM)的δ¹³Ｃ 和δ¹⁵Ｎ同位素值,溶解性无机碳(DIC)的δ¹³Ｃ同位素值明显低于其它采样点,这表明河口区受陆源营养物质的影响强烈.其中,DOM的δ¹³Ｃ平均值和陆源C₃植物的δ¹³Ｃ值-26‰相近,表现出流域外源的排入对湖泊碳库的影响.与从DIC到浮游藻类的分馏值22‰计算得到的浮游藻类δ¹³Ｃ值相比,POM主要为内源藻类贡献.浮游枝角类的δ¹³Ｃ的平均值低于POM (0.2‰)和细菌 (2.5‰),这可能是由于枝角类脂类的积聚或选择性的摄食δ¹³Ｃ较为贫化的微型藻类(<50 μm)造成的.根据双组分混合模型(two-member mixing model),在河口区陆源C对细菌生物量的贡献占到61.2%,随着向湖心的推进,内源藻类的贡献逐渐增加(58.5%～92.9%).     

Impact of seed mixture and mowing on food abundance for farmland birds in set-asides

We studied the impact of seed mixtures (grass-clover, less competitive grass vs. meadow plant mixture) and mowing (annual mowing vs. no mowing) on the abundance of seed and insect food for farmland birds in set-aside in a long-term field experiment. In general, seed food was less affected by the treatments than insect food. The impact of seed mixture on the abundance of seed food was dependent on the study year: the highest level recorded in the first year, followed by a substantial decline in the following years. Mowing increased the biomass of seed food. The impact of treatments on insect food abundance differed between the total amount of insect food, and had significant interactions with year. Different insect groups dominated in each year as well as their response to the treatments. For the total amount, the meadow plant seed mixture appeared to be the most beneficial and a slight positive impact of mowing appeared in the last two years of the experiment. The results suggest that the value of set-asides in providing food differs according to food components and declines with increasing age of the set-aside.     

基于SWOT分析的城市餐厨垃圾回收处理特许经营研究

从城市餐厨垃圾回收处理与特许经营的特点入手,应用SWOT组合及其战略分析法对城市餐厨垃圾回收特许经营的内部优势、劣势和外部机遇与挑战进行系统分析,结果表明在城市餐厨垃圾回收项目中应用特许经营模式,应采取SO策略,依托自身优势,抓好发展机遇,在实现企业自身收益的基础上为社会提供优质的城市餐厨垃圾回收服务,实现政府与企业互惠互利,共同发展.推动特许经营在餐厨垃圾回收处理中的应用,促进餐厨垃圾回收处理行业健康有序发展,推进中国环境卫生事业的发展.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.     

典型黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤和农产品重金属富集特征与污染风险

土壤重金属污染是我国的重要环境问题,而区域地质高背景是土壤重金属富集的重要影响因素.黑色岩系风化土壤普遍存在重金属富集的现象,潜在生态环境风险较高,但目前农产品重金属富集的基础数据较缺乏,限制了黑色岩系地质高背景区的土地安全利用与农产品安全生产.对重庆典型黑色岩系地质高背景区313件土壤和289件主要农产品重金属的富集特征、污染风险和土壤重金属赋存形态进行研究.结果表明,相对于我国土壤环境背景值和重庆市表层土壤,研究区土壤Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Se富集,Pb不富集;其中98.7%的土壤Cd含量超过风险筛选值,47.3%的土壤Cd含量超过风险管制值,Cd的污染水平和潜在生态风险最高,是研究区土壤的特征污染物.土壤Cd主要以离子交换态存在(40.6%),其次为残渣态(19.1%)和弱有机结合态(16.6%); Cr、 Cu、 Pb、 Se和Zn主要以残渣态存在,Se和Cu的有机结合态、 Pb的铁锰结合态也占较高比例;说明Cd的迁移能力和活性高于其它重金属.研究区主要农产品富集重金属的能力较弱,约18.7%的农产品Cd超标,超标倍数相对较低,重金属污染风险较低.研究可为黑色岩系地质高...     

Kinship,nomadism, and humanitarian aid among Somalis in Ethiopia

This paper draws on extended ethnographic and health policy research in eastern Ethiopia to reconsider kinship and nomadism among Somalis, as both of these cultural features transform in the contexts of recurrent humanitarian crises and episodic relief operations. The emergence and importance of new patterns of travel and migration among Somalis in Ethiopia reveal significant changes in the configurations and enactments of Somali kinship, on which many Somalis' mobility depends. Conversely, an analysis of Somalis' dynamic sub‐clan groupings and geographically dispersed kinship networks also highlights emergent patterns of mobility and migration that enable access to training opportunities and employment with relief organisations, as well as to distributions of humanitarian aid. Based on these findings, this paper argues that kinship and nomadism—both long central to Somalis' identities in Ethiopia—remain interdependent, coevolved, and key to their resilience and livelihoods in the face of recurrent crises and intermittent humanitarian responses.     

锡矿山矿区食物中的锑污染及生物可给性研究

在湖南锡矿山锑矿区采集蔬菜类、主食类、肉类、蛋类等9种食物. 结果表明蔬菜类Sb浓度平均值为9.67 mg·kg^-1,主食类及肉类的Sb含量较低,平均浓度分别为0.025 mg·kg^-1和0.40 mg·kg^-1. 胃肠模拟法测得的Sb生物可给性为9.0%~57.7%,其中蔬菜中Sb生物可给性显著低于主食类及肉类. 生物可给性与食物中Fe含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,p=0.02),还与食物的植酸、草酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.95,p=0.01;r=-0.77,p=0.016). 根据锡矿山周边居民各类膳食的摄入量进行健康风险评估,以食物中的Sb总浓度计算暴露风险时,居民每日经由食物摄入的Sb总量达10227.01 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,经生物可给性矫正后下降为1807.02 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,但仍高于USEPA建议的400 ng·kg^-1·d^-1的参考剂量. 说明矿区经由Sb污染食物暴露依然存在健康风险,且考虑生物可给性对准确评价暴露风险至关重要.