Relatedness and sex ratio in a primitively eusocial halictine bee

Lasioglossum laevissimum was studied in Calgary, Alberta, where it is eusocial with one worker brood. Estimates of relatedness were obtained among various categories of nestmate based upon four polymorphic enzyme loci, two of which exhibited significant levels of linkage disequilibrium. Relatedness estimates among workers and among reproductive brood females were very close to the expected 0.75 value that obtains when nests are headed by one, singly mated queen. However, relatedness between workers and the reproductive brood females they reared was significantly lower than 0.75. A low frequency of orphaning with subsequent monopolisation of oviposition by one worker brood female in orphaned nests may explain these results. Workers were significantly more and queens significantly less closely related to male reproductives than expected if all males were to have resulted from queen-laid eggs. Orphaning and worker-produced males contribute to this result. The sex investment ratio was 1:2.2 in favour of females, in excellent agreement with the predictions based upon relative relatednesses between workers and reproductive brood males and females. Adaptive intercolony variation in investment ratios was detected: the sex ratio was more heavily female-biased in nests in which the relative relatedness asymmetry between workers and reproductive brood was more female-biased. The study species is the most weakly eusocial hymenopteran for which relatedness estimates and sex ratio data are available. With high relatedness among nestmates and a strongly female-biased sex ratio, this study suggests the importance of indirect fitness contributions in the early stages of social evolution. Correspondence to: L. Packer     

重庆市农业转型发展的时空演进及问题区识别——基于全要素生产率视角

研究农业全要素生产率时空演进规律对于合理制定农业转型升级政策具有重要意义。在使用DEA-Malmquist指数模型测算出重庆市37个县（区）2000-2016年农业全要素生产率增长的基础上,结合空间分析方法和核密度估计方法考察农业TFP的时空演进特征,并识别出问题区域。研究表明：（1）2000-2016年间重庆市农业全要素生产率呈上升趋势,农业TFP指数呈“U”型和阶段性波动的变化趋势,并且表现出明显的空间不平衡性。（2）农业TFP指数增减趋势与技术进步指数的变化趋势基本一致,技术进步是影响农业全要素生产率的主要因素。（3）从全市来看,农业TFP的核密度曲线不断向右移动,且波峰高度持续上升,波峰形态由“单峰”分布向“多峰”分布转变,说明重庆市农业全要素生产率的地区差距在考察期内呈增大趋势。（4）依据TFP增长、技术进步和技术效率的关联关系,识别出三种类型的问题区域,并针对每类问题区域提出农业转型发展的政策建议。     

基于VOCs加密监测的上海典型臭氧污染过程特征及成因分析

针对2017年8月4—7日在上海市及周边城市发生的臭氧污染过程,结合30个采样点连续4 d的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品分析数据及O_3和NO_2在线监测数据,分析了此次污染过程的O_3和NO_2的时间变化特征、VOCs组分及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的空间分布特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究.结果表明,采样期间,上海市的O_3和NO_2平均浓度水平总体均高于周边的5个城市.VOCs均值浓度的空间分布总体为西北部高于东南部,上海市VOCs均值浓度为48×10~(-9),相较周边城市处于中间水平.上海市各类VOCs浓度为OVOCs烷烃卤代烃芳香烃烯炔烃,OFP贡献为芳香烃烯炔烃烷烃OVOCs和卤代烃.VOCs源解析结果显示机动车、溶剂使用、化工和石化工艺过程是上海市VOCs的3个主要来源.结合VOCs来源解析与OFP的贡献分析,控制上海市臭氧污染需重点削减溶剂使用和化工工艺过程中的甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯等芳香烃的排放,同时加强机动车和石化工艺过程中丙烯、乙烯和乙炔的排放控制.     

Emission factors, ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of volatile organic compounds emitted from industrial biomass boilers

To evaluate the potential benefits of biomass use for air pollution control, this paper identified and quantified the emissions of major reactive organic compounds anticipated from biomass-fired industrial boilers. Wood pellets(WP) and straw pellets(SP) were burned to determine the volatile organic compound emission profiles for each biomass-boiler combination. More than 100 types of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured from the two biomass boilers. The measured VOC species included alkanes, alkenes and acetylenes, aromatics, halocarbons and carbonyls. A single coal-fired boiler(CB) was also studied to provide a basis for comparison. Biomass boiler 1(BB1) emitted relatively high proportions of alkanes(28.9%–38.1% by mass) and alkenes and acetylenes(23.4%–40.8%),while biomass boiler 2(BB2) emitted relatively high proportions of aromatics(27.9%–29.2%)and oxygenated VOCs(33.0%–44.8%). The total VOC(TVOC) emission factors from BB1(128.59–146.16 mg/kg) were higher than those from BB2(41.26–85.29 mg/kg). The total ozone formation potential(OFP) ranged from 6.26 to 81.75 mg/m~3 with an average of 33.66 mg/m~3 for the two biomass boilers. The total secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP) ranged from 61.56 to 211.67 mg/m~3 with an average of 142.27 mg/m~3 for the two biomass boilers.The emission factors(EFs) of TVOCs from biomass boilers in this study were similar to those for industrial coal-fired boilers with the same thermal power. These data can supplement existing VOC emission factors for biomass combustion and thus enrich the VOC emission inventory.     

Effects of relative humidity and PM2.5 chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Chengdu, China

To better understand the potential causes of visibility impairment in autumn and winter in Chengdu, relative humidity(RH), visibility, the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and its chemical components were on-line measured continuously in Chengdu from Nov. 2016 to Jan. 2017.Six obvious haze episodes occurred in Chengdu, with the total time of haze episodes accounted for more than 90% of the total observation period, and higher NO_2 concentrations and RH were related to the high particle concentrations in haze episodes. The visibility decreased in a non-linear tendency under different RH conditions with the increase of PM_(2.5) concentrations, which was more sensitive to RH under lower PM_(2.5) concentrations. The threshold concentration of PM_(2.5) got more smaller with the increase of RH. During the entire observation period, organic matter(OM) was the largest contributor(31.12% to extinction coefficient(bext)), followed by NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 with 28.03% and 23.01%, respectively.However, with the visibility impairment from Type I(visibility 10 km) to Type IV(visibility ≤ 2 km), the contribution of OM to bextdecreased from 38.12% to 26.77%, while the contribution of NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 to bextincreased from 19.09% and 20.20% to 34.29% and 24.35%, respectively, and NH_4NO_3 became the largest contributor to bextat Type IV. The results showed that OM and NH_4NO_3 were the key components of PM_(2.5) for visibility impairment in Chengdu, indicating that the control of precursors emissions of carbonaceous species and NH_4NO_3 could effectively improve the visibility in Chengdu.     

Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Reduction of the high alkalinity of bauxite residue is a key problem to solve to make it suitable for plant growth and comprehensive utilization. In this study, phosphogypsum, a waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry, was used to drive the alkaline transformation of the bauxite residue. Under optimal water washing conditions(liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 24 hr), the impact of quantity added, reaction time and reaction mechanism during phosphogypsum application were investigated. Phosphogypsum addition effectively lowered p H levels and reduced the soluble alkalinity by 92.2%. It was found that the concentration of soluble Na and Ca ions in the supernatant increased gradually, whilst the exchangeable Na+and Ca~(2+)in solid phase changed 112 mg/kg and 259 mg/kg, respectively. Ca~(2+)became the dominant element in the solid phase(phosphogypsum addition of 2%, liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 12 hr). X-ray diffraction data indicated that cancrinite and hydrogarnet were the primary alkaline minerals. SEM images suggested that phosphogypsum could promote the formation of stable macroaggregates, whilst the content of Ca~(2+)increased from 5.6% to 18.2% and Na reduced from 6.8% to 2.4%. Treatment with phosphogypsum could significantly promote the transformation of alkalinity cations by neutralization, precipitation and replacement reactions.This research provided a feasible method to promote soil formation of bauxite residue by phosphogypsum amendment.     

淮南潘谢矿区岩溶水化学特征及其形成机制研究

淮南煤田深部煤层开采受其下部岩溶水害的干扰,分析其化学组分分布规律、探讨其形成过程,可为水害防治提供一定的理论指导。本文以淮南潘谢矿区太原组岩溶含水层为研究对象,通过分析其水文地质背景,采用多元统计、水化学组分、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,对该区两个次一级水文地质单元的水化学组分进行分析。结果表明：受挤压-拉张作用下的古地貌是影响古地下水补、径、排的重要因素;Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区阴、阳离子均以Cl^-、Na⁺+K⁺为主,但Ⅱ区中HCO₃^-占比较大,且Ⅰ区SO₄^2-含量大于Ⅱ区;受局部开放的氧化环境影响,Ⅰ区主要以阳离子交换作用为主,存在黄铁矿氧化,而Ⅱ区以阳离子交换作用与黄铁矿的氧化为主,为还原环境,但逐步向部分氧化环境转变;长期的矿山开采活动使得区内岩溶地下水流系统发生持续改变,也是影响单元间岩溶水质产生差异性的重要因素。     

北京森林BVOCs排放特征及对区域空气质量的影响

利用林业二类调查蓄积资料,广泛调研植物源挥发性有机物（BVOCs）排放因子的最新研究成果,运用光温影响模型对北京森林BVOCs排放特征进行研究,并分析其对区域空气质量的影响.结果显示,2015年北京森林BVOCs排放量平均值为27.97×10⁹g C/a,变化域值范围为（9.46~76.45）×10⁹g C/a,其中异戊二烯、单萜烯和其他VOCs贡献率分别为75.09%、15.62%和9.29%.不同树种间BVOCs排放量差异较大,杨树和栎树是主要的异戊二烯排放源,贡献率分别为63.16%和25.92%;油松是主要的单萜烯排放源,贡献率为40.90%.不同龄级林对BVOCs排放的贡献不同,中龄林贡献率最大,占总量的39.14%.BVOCs排放呈夏季高、冬季低的特征,春、夏、秋、冬排放量分别占全年的12.55%、77.48%、9.76%和0.21%.BVOCs对O₃生成潜势的贡献量为240.51×10⁹g,其中异戊二烯占92.66%,是主要的贡献者;对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势的贡献量为1.73×10⁹g,异戊二烯和单萜烯分别占24.26%和75.73%.研究表明,北京森林BVOCs排放会导致大气年均SOA浓度增加0.94μg/m³,O₃浓度上升9.01μg/m³,特别是对夏季O₃污染具有较大贡献.建议城市绿化时应从有助于空气质量改善的角度考虑树种的VOCs排放能力.     

中国居民消费磷足迹时空格局及驱动因素研究

在磷足迹内涵界定及其计算模型构建的基础上,探究了中国城乡居民食物消费磷足迹的时空格局,并解析了其驱动机制.结果表明：1978~2018年间,中国食物消费磷资源和磷污染足迹分别增长了6倍和4倍,达到2018年的715.9万t和78.7万t,其中城镇居民是主要贡献源,占比分别达到67%和64%.从结构上看,城乡食物消费磷资源足迹均由荤食主导,其中家禽、水产品和蛋奶消费的磷资源足迹占比不断增加;而磷污染足迹主要源于上游食物生产过程,其中种植业和水产养殖业增幅最为显著.我国31个省市食物消费磷资源足迹和磷污染足迹在空间分布上具有一致性,呈现从东向西减小的趋势,东部省市诸如广东、上海、江苏、北京和山东等远高于其他地区,并且具有高度的空间集聚性,在东部沿海形成高-高（H-H）聚集区.因此调控磷开发利用活动的资源环境压力需要着眼于这些重点区域.我国食物消费磷足迹增长的关键驱动因素是利用效率下降、消费水平提升和饮食结构改变,因此有效提升食物生产的养分利用效率和引导合理的消费理念和饮食习惯是减缓磷的开发活动资源环境压力的重要途径.     

基于排放清单和实地测试的工业VOCs排放特征:以郑州市高新区为例

基于本地污染源调查,同时对重点工业行业进行实地采样测试,建立了郑州市高新区工业VOCs排放清单及组分清单,并评估了 VOCs各组分的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAp).结果表明,2017年郑州市高新区工业源VOCs排放总量为4 566.0 t,橡胶和塑料制品业、设备制造业和有色金属业是排放量最大的3个行业,排放量分别为1 924.2、1 396.3和813.4 t;各VOCs组分中,烷烃占比最大(40.9％),其次是含氧VOCs(32.2％)和芳香烃(20.3％);异丙醇、正十二烷、甲苯、甲基环己烷和丙酮是排放量最大的5种物质;OFP总量为8 753.8 t,最大贡献源和VOCs种类分别为设备制造业和芳香烃;SOAp总量为643.0 t,贡献较大的排放源为设备制造业和铝箔制造业,烷烃和芳香烃是两种主要贡献组分.