Deriving heart rate variability indices from cardiac monitoring—An indicator of driver sleepiness

Objective: Driver fatigue is considered to be a major contributor to road traffic crashes. Cardiac monitoring and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a candidate method for early and accurate detection of driver sleepiness. This study has 2 objectives: to evaluate the (1) suitability of different preprocessing strategies for detecting and removing outlier heartbeats and spectral transformation of HRV signals and their impact of driver sleepiness assessment and (2) relation between common HRV indices and subjective sleepiness reported by a large number of drivers in real driving situations, for the first time.

Methods: The study analyzed >3,500 5-min driving epochs from 76 drivers on a public motorway in Sweden. The electrocardiograph (ECG) data were recorded in 3 studies designed to evaluate the physiological differences between awake and sleepy drivers. The drivers reported their perceived level of sleepiness according to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) every 5?min. Two standard methods were used for identifying outlier heartbeats: (1) percentage change (PC), where outliers were defined as interbeat intervals deviating >30% from the mean of the four previous intervals and (2) standard deviation (SD), where outliers were defined as interbeat interval deviating >4 SD from the mean interval duration in the current epoch. Three standard methods were used for spectral transformation, which is needed for deriving HRV indices in the frequency domain: (1) Fourier transform; (2) autoregressive model; and (3) Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Different preprocessing strategies were compared regarding their impact on derivation of common HRV indices and their relation to KSS data distribution, using box plots and statistical tests such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t test.

Results: The ability of HRV indices to discriminate between alert and sleepy drivers does not differ significantly depending on which outlier detection and spectral transformation methods are used. As expected, with increasing sleepiness, the heart rate decreased, whereas heart rate variability overall increased. Furthermore, HRV parameters representing the parasympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system increased. An unexpected finding was that parameters representing the sympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system also increased with increasing KSS level. We hypothesize that this increment was due to stress induced by trying to avoid an incident, because the drivers were in real driving situations.

Conclusions: The association of HRV indices to KSS did not depend on the preprocessing strategy. No preprocessing method showed superiority for HRV association to driver sleepiness. This was also true for combinations of methods for frequency domain HRV indices. The results prove clear relationships between HRV indices and perceived sleepiness. Thus, HRV analysis shows promise for driver sleepiness detection.     

基于不同强度等级混凝土的动力学特性研究

基于TAW-2000D电液伺服岩石三轴仪和直径75 mm的霍普金森压杆试验装置,得到了C25,C35和C45混凝土在静、动载荷作用下的应力-应变曲线,探讨了混凝土强度等级、动态峰值强度、峰值应变和应变率之间的变化规律。结果表明:混凝土准静态应力-应变曲线和动态应力-应变曲线在形态上存在明显差异,动态应力-应变曲线的峰值点随应变率的增大向右上方移动,线弹性阶段各曲线斜率变化不明显;动态峰值应力、动态弹性模量和峰值应变均存在不同程度的率相关性,并且混凝土材料的应变率敏感性随其强度等级的提高而增强;混凝土C45的各力学指标对应变率的敏感性最强,C35次之,C25的应变率敏感性最弱;推导了应变率与强度等级和冲击速率之间的经验公式,三者之间存在非线性变化规律。     

基于ISM的建筑施工高处坠落事故致因分析

高处坠落是建筑工程事故统计中发生频率最高的一类事故,会造成极大的人员伤害和经济损失。通过分析123例典型高处坠落事故调查报告,采用关键词检索抽取出19种导致该类事故发生的致因要素;针对一般事故和较大事故分别对致因要素发生频率进行了统计,得出一般事故中人的因素更关键,较大事故中物的因素更关键。采用ISM模型进一步分析致因要素间的作用关系,构建了7个层级的高处坠落致因要素解释结构模型;对不同层级要素进行分析,发现其与频率度量有良好的一致性,最后得出行政监管和违法承发包两个致因要素是事故发生的深层原因。     

我国特种劳动防护用品产业分布特点分析

为了解我国特种劳动防护用品产业分布特点和产业市场集中程度,基于生产企业统计数据,估算我国特种劳动防护用品产业市场集中度;对比2017年和2010年数据,统计分析我国特种劳动防护用品产业的区域、产品种类、企业注册资金规模和企业从业人员数量的分布和变化,分析总结了产业发展呈现的特点,提出了加快我国特种劳动防护用品产业发展的相应建议。结果表明:当前我国特种劳动防护用品产业市场结构尚属于低集中竞争型;各区域生产企业数量按照东部、中部、西部和东北的顺序依次递减,东部生产企业占据全国企业总数的65%以上;一半以上企业的注册资金均大于1 000万元;以从业人员数量看,80%以上企业属于小型企业规模;与2010年相比,2017年我国特种劳动防护用品生产企业从业人员数量增加了6.67%,企业从业人员规模分布变化不明显,企业注册资金规模已由约7成企业在500万元以下转变为近7成超过500万元,产品种类增加了40%。研究结果可为我国劳动防护用品产业和安全产业的发展提供科学参考。     

微量Fe3+对过氧化氢异丙苯热稳定性影响研究

为研究微量铁离子（Fe³⁺）对过氧化氢异丙苯（CHP）热稳定性的影响,采用绝热加速量热仪（ARC）对CHP及含4种不同浓度Fe3+的CHP进行了绝热分解测试,测试分析了5个样品在绝热条件下的起始分解温度（To,s）、绝热温升（ΔTad,s）、最大温升速率（mm,s）和最大温升速率到达时间（θm,s）等参数,并利用热惰性因子Φ对实验数据进行了修正。研究结果表明:在绝热条件下,微量Fe3+的存在对CHP分解的To,s,ΔTad,s,mm,s和θm,s均有较大影响,且浓度不同对各参数的影响不一样;Fe³⁺的存在增加了CHP分解的剧烈程度,且浓度越大,CHP分解越剧烈,其热分解失控可能性越大,危险性越高;储存运输CHP时要避免与高浓度的Fe³⁺接触。研究结果可为CHP的热稳定性安全提供一定参考。     

Power-law behaviour and parametric models for the size-distribution of forest fires

This paper examines the distribution of areas burned in forest fires. Empirical size distributions, derived from extensive fire records, for six regions in North America are presented. While they show some commonalities, it appears that a simple power-law distribution of sizes, as has been suggested by some authors, is too simple to describe the distributions over their full range. A stochastic model for the spread and extinguishment of fires is used to examine conditions for power-law behaviour and deviations from it. The concept of the extinguishment growth rate ratio (EGRR) is developed. A null model with constant EGRR leads to a power-law distribution, but this does not appear to hold empirically for the data sets examined. Some alternative parametric forms for the size distribution are presented, with a four-parameter ‘competing hazards’ model providing the overall best fit.     

我国纺织行业上市公司资本结构实证研究

资本结构是企业筹资的核心问题之一,上市公司资本结构是否合理直接关系到其企业价值最大化的实现.以纺织行业上市公司公开数据为样本,运用回归分析方法,分析影响我国纺织行业资本结构的因素,认为:资本结构与企业获利能力、资产担保价值正相关,与企业规模负相关,与成长性、实际税率相关不明显.     

On the parameterization of the roughness length for the air-sea interface in free convection

The roughness length at the air-sea interface during free convection (z_0fc) is mainly related to the convective velocity (w_*) rather than the friction velocity (u_*). The parameterization of z_0fc with w _* ² /g as proposed by Abdella and DAlessio in 2003 is evaluated. It is shown that their proposed formula is consistent with field measurements. In order to avoid self-correlation by using u_*, a new parameterization of w_* with wind speed (U_z) at height z and stability parameter (z/L, where L is the buoyancy length) is proposed. This new formula for w_* is in agreement with an independent field result.     

大气污染源监测采样技术

依据气态污染源共同的排放特性及平均排放浓度，排放速率的概念，导出气态污染源监测中常用的三种采样方法：积分法、分部积分法、有限加合近似法。根据分析化学的要求，提出样品采集时间的设计方法。由此得出不同类型排放源的监测时间和采样频率确定方法。     

Increased energy expenditure due to increased territorial defense in male lizards after phenotypic manipulation

Fitness tradeoffs are difficult to examine because many fitness variables are correlated and vary in the same direction. Phenotypic manipulation circumvents many of these difficulties, and here we used this technique to examine mechanisms for tradeoffs between increased aggression (territorial defense) and survivorship. The behavioral phenotype of male mountain spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) was manipulated with testosterone to increase territorial defense, a sexually selected trait. We previously demonstrated that increased territorial defense results in a decrease in survival caused by a lower ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure. Here we measured energy consumption of increased territorial aggression using the doubly labeled water technique in the field and compared males with and without testosterone implants (Fig. 1). In a supplementary study we measured standard metabolic rate using captive lizards given similar testosterone implants to examine if an increase in energy expenditure was a result of only an increase in standard metabolic rate (Fig. 3). Our results indicated that a primary contribution to tradeoffs between increased territorial defense and survivorship could be made by a 31% increase in energy expenditure in the field that is not due to an increase in standard metabolic rate.