Effects of soil nematodes communities on litter decomposition in urban forest of Dalian北大核心CSCD

In order to further expound the effect of soil nematodes on litter decomposition in urban forest, this study investigated the responses of soil nematodes communities to litter decomposition by litterbags technology at different mesh sizes in Dalian National Forest Park. Soil nematodes community composition, decomposition rate of litter and nutrient release were also analyzed. It found a total of 4 418 nematodes from 39 genera. Higher relative density of soil nematodes was found in the bags with 0.1 mm mesh size (1.55 individuals and 7.34 orders per g of dry litter) compared to the bags with 0.02 mm mesh size (0.21 individuals and 0.49 orders per g of dry litter). There were very few soil nematodes in the 0.02 mm litter bags. Thus we regarded that soil nematodes only affected the 0.1 mm litter bags. The mass loss rates as well as C and P release rates was higher in litter bags with 0.1 mm mesh size than in those with 0.02 mm mesh size, indicating a significant influence of soil nematodes on mass loss and nutrient release. The contribution of soil nematodes to the litter mass loss was about 24%. The effect of soil nematodes on the nutrient release rates differed among elements. The soil nematodes had a bigger influence on the release rate of N than that of other elements, whereas the influence on K release rate was the lowest. The results showed that soil nematodes communities has a significant effect on the litter decomposition and nutrient release of the forest litter in Dalian city, especially promoting the mass loss rates and N release rates.     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

泉州市电离辐射环境跟踪研究

2016—2020年在泉州市设置9个环境γ辐射空气吸收累积剂量监测点位、1个气溶胶（2018—2020年）、1个土壤和4个水体监测点位,定量分析电离辐射环境变化趋势。结果表明,5 a来泉州市电离辐射环境变化稳定,未出现异常情况;气溶胶中7Be、210Pb活度浓度呈现春秋高、夏季低的变化规律。     

模拟SPO情境中的飞行员脑力负荷测量与分析*

为探究单一飞行员驾驶模式（SPO）下飞行员的脑力负荷水平,设计并实施模拟单人驾驶情境中的非正常任务场景处置实验。首先,基于准5级模拟驾驶舱,设计飞行任务场景;其次,招募20名航线飞行员被试,开展模拟飞行实验,记录被试的生理数据心率变异性指标及眼动数据;最后,结合客观生理数据以及主观量表进行脑力负荷分析,记录单发失效故障处置时间并进行任务绩效分析。研究结果表明:与双人制机组相比,单人驾驶情境中飞行员的脑力负荷增幅并不显著,处于可接受范围;单人制驾驶舱的任务设计及智能辅助系统使用对于降低飞行员工作负荷,提升飞行绩效至关重要。研究结果可为单一飞行员驾驶模式实施提供理论支持,并为未来单人制驾驶舱及机载自动化系统设计提供指标参考。     

隧道入口冰雪环境下驾驶员心生理特性研究*

为提高高速公路冰雪环境下隧道入口行车安全水平,探究隧道入口冰雪环境下驾驶员心生理反应特性,依据心生理理论,通过模拟驾驶试验采集驾驶员在冬季晴、雪天气下隧道入口行驶的心率增长率、速度等数据,分析照度变化率、路面摩擦系数、速度对驾驶员心生理的影响规律,明确不同影响因素下隧道入口驾驶员心率增长率变化特征,利用Matlab构建多因素耦合下隧道入口驾驶员心生理反应模型,并设计实车试验验证心生理反应模型有效性。研究结果表明:冰雪环境下隧道入口驾驶员心率增长率紧张阈值为28%,隧道入口冰雪环境下照度变化率安全阈值为51%,心生理反应模型误差小于10%,吻合程度较好。研究结果对提高山区高速公路隧道入口冰雪环境的行车安全性、降低隧道入口事故风险具有重要意义。     

区域灾情评价模型

自然灾害发生的次数和灾害种类与灾情强度密切相关，因此有必要对灾情强度进行合理的评价。首先用灾次指数Di和灾种指数Di′来量化单灾种的多发性和多灾种的群发性，提出了计算Di和Di′的方法，然后在此基础上建立了量化灾情强度指数Q的模型，该模型适用于单区域和多区域中多种灾害发生的情况。对北京市怀柔、平谷和海淀3个区进行了模型的实例应用，考虑洪灾、冰雹灾和旱灾3种灾害情况，结果表明，怀柔区的灾情强度指数高于平谷和海淀区，3种灾种中冰雹灾的灾情强度指数高达42．76％。     

湿地植物对污水中氮、磷去除效果的试验研究

采用室内试验和现场试验考察了黄花鸢尾、水葱和梭鱼草3种挺水植物对类污水处理厂二级出水中氮、磷的吸收速率、吸收容量和吸收贡献。结果表明:短期内,各种湿地植物污水中氮、磷的吸收速率比较稳定,但在整个生长周期内,各种植物对氮、磷的吸收速率却有较大变化,4月份,水葱对氮、磷的吸收速率最大,8月份,梭鱼草对氮、磷的吸收速率最大。在整个生长期内,黄花鸢尾对氮、磷的吸收容量一直保持最大,在10月下旬分别达到21.5和4.16 g/m2,因此其对二级出水中氮、磷去除的吸收贡献也最大,分别为30%和73%。这表明湿地植物的选择不仅要考查其对污染物的吸收速率,更要关注其对污染物的吸收容量,并且湿地植物的吸收作用对类二级出水中氮、磷的去除具有更加重要的意义。     

基于微波辐射研究城市污水污泥脱水特性

选用沈阳市仙女河污水处理厂和北部污水处理厂污水污泥作为微波脱水试验物料,分析物料性质、辐射强度、辐射时间以及添加剂投入量等对污泥脱水率和有机质损失率的影响. 结果表明:污泥中水分含量高的脱水效果最好,经过微波处理后的污泥有机质含量仍较高;辐射时间是最主要的影响因素,在540 W下辐射2～5 min即可达到良好效果;在合适的辐射时间下540～900 W都能达到良好的脱水效果,但在900 W时有机质的损失率较大,达到65.64%;添加剂投入量对污泥脱水基本不起作用,但可改变污泥微波干燥后的性状. 同时,运用灰色关联分析得到决定微波试验运行系统的主次因素,最后建立了影响因素对污泥脱水率和有机质损失率的经验公式.      

A multi-agent simulation to assess the risk of malaria re-emergence in southern France

A multi-agent simulation (MAS) was developed to assess the risk of malaria re-emergence in the Camargue in southern France, a non-endemic area where mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (Culicidae) live. The contact rate between people and potential malaria vectors, or the human biting rate, is one of the key factor to predict the risk of re-emergence of malaria, would the parasite be introduced in the region. Our model (called MALCAM) represents the different agents that could influence malaria transmission in the Camargue – people, mosquitoes, animal hosts and the landscape – in a spatially explicit environment. The model simulates spatial and temporal variations in human biting rate at the landscape scale. These variations depend on the distribution of people and potential vectors, their behaviour and their interactions. A land use/cover map was used as a cellular-spatial support for the movements of and interactions between mobile agents. The model was tested for its sensitivity to variations in parameter values, and for the agreement between field observations and model predictions. The MALCAM model provides a tool to better understand the interactions between the multiple agents of the disease transmission system, and the land use and land cover factors that control the spatial heterogeneity in these interactions. It allows testing hypotheses and scenarios related to disease dynamics by varying the value of exogenous biological, geographical, or human factors. This application of agent-based modelling to a human vector-borne disease can be adapted to different diseases and regions.     

螺旋式旋流器的切向速度分析

借助CFD软件,采用RSM模型对螺旋式旋流器内的切向速度场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:旋流器内部的流场分为螺旋通道内的准自由涡和内筒区域的准强制涡;在柱锥交界区域的内筒外壁附近有一低速区,易导致颗粒富集而出现高浓度区进而影响分离效率;此外通过改变入口速度和螺旋通道的螺距,研究对旋流器切向速度的影响。通过对流场特性的研究,为进一步充分认识此类旋流器的分离机理提供了依据。