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241.
A sampling campaign for the determination of concentrations of nonylphenol isomers (NPs) in freshwaters and sediments of the hydrologic system of the Rieti district (central Italy) was conducted from 2002 to 2003. Eighteen sampling points, selected on the basis of the different human activities in the vicinity, were monitored; six series of water samples (from June 2002 to February 2003) and one of sediment samples (summer 2002) were analyzed by GC/MS.
There was a direct relationship between concentrations of NPs and the presence of urban or industrial activities near the sampling point. However, concentrations of NPs in water were in the range of <0.1–1.4 μg l−1, and their presence limited to short distances from the sources of contamination. Accumulation factors in sediment samples ranged from 102 to 5 × 103. 相似文献
242.
A new method for generating reactive species to destroy toxic organic chemicals has been developed. This method reacts yellow phosphorus with O2, in moist air to produce species such as O,O3, PO, and PO2, which are capable of reacting with various types of organics. Toxic organic com-pounds are converted to small molecular wight organic acids, aldehydes, and/or alcohols, while yel-low phosphonis is oxidital into phosphoric acid, which may be recovered as a valuable byproduct.This technique has ben demonstrated to be effective for destroying many types of toxic organiccompounds. including PAH, aromatic chlorides, amines, alcohols, and acids, nitro-aromatics,heterocyclic hydrocarbons, PCB, aliphatic chlorides and sulfides, dyes, and pesticides. 相似文献
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Despite the fact that the information about past accidents is an integral part of accident prevention, the information about industrial accidents is not commonly available in food and agricultural sectors. Spray dryer plants for dairy products are not an exception. The aim of this paper is the creation of the representative database for industrial spray drying accidents in order to identify their major causes. The paper is divided into 8 chapters. The first two chapters deal with the general information about technology of spray drying of dairy products. The third chapter provides the outputs from the authors' database containing records of 25 accidents in milk drying facilities in Europe. These accidents took place between 1999 and 2019 in six European countries. Based on the accident database, the most common causes of accidents were identified. Processes that can cause a fire, an explosion, or damage to environment are described in the fourth, fifth and sixth chapter. The seventh chapter deals with process, technical and organizational measures; these were discussed using literature research and the results of the accident database. The eighth chapter is the conclusion with a focus on further improvement of process safety through newly developed protective tools. 相似文献
248.
为快速提高危化品道路运输事故应急救援能力,降低事故后果,文章基于目前应急救援中心选址模型的不足,提出了一种新的双目标决策救援中心选址模型。通过综合考虑应急响应时间及应急处理能力对救援能力的影响,建立了救援中心点的最大网络覆盖模型;并采用较优的邻域搜索算法求解救援中心点的合理位置。最后以某地危化品运输路网为例,利用所建模型对事故应急救援中心的合理布局计算求解。结果表明:考虑应急响应时间及应急处理能力限制的应急救援中心选址模型,能够有效提高救援中心的综合应急能力,为有关部门合理规划危化品道路运输事故应急救援中心布局提供理论参考和决策依据。 相似文献
249.
Limit values (LVs) are legal concentration limits for constituents, residues and contaminants in consumer products or for
emissions from production processes into environmental compartments. They are a traditional regulatory aid to manage chemicals
in human environments. To make them proactive, LVs should become enforced by means of a transparent and informed decision
process whose starting point is the Basic Rule of Environmental Hygiene, BREH:Avoid useless exposure as far as possible, minimize useful exposure in a reasonable manner, and prevent that exposure which
is dangerous. The BREH calls upon minimizing exposure not only according toon site risk potentials and acceptance, but also tooff site avoidability and acceptability. 相似文献
250.
Two wetland plant species, Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa, were grown in a glasshouse under hydroponics conditions. Enzyme extracts from different parts of the plants were used to determine the transformation rate of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT and PCBs. The organic pollutants were directly spiked into the enzyme extracts, and samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed with a GC-ECD. Root extracts of P. australis readily degraded and transformed DDT and some PCB congeners with a low degree of chlorination. In contrast, crude extracts of O. sativa showed no appreciable degradation or transformation of DDT or PCBs. Inhibition studies indicated that the degradation and transformation of both DDT and PCBs by P. australis enzymes were partly mediated by peroxidase and the plant P-450 system. PCBs with a high degree of chlorination were highly resistant to transformation or degradation by plant enzymes. Both wetland plant species accumulated substantial quantities of the persistent organic chemicals but had different degradation capacities. The enzyme systems in P. australis were much more effective that those in rice in the degradation and transformation of the organic pollutants. 相似文献