火电机组氢冷系统安全评价

国外已经对火电厂的安全评价工作进行了一定的研究,但是国内对此项工作的研究还是比较匮乏,尤其对火电厂危险化学品更缺乏相关的安全评价方法及研究。在火力发电厂实际生产中,需使用到大量易燃、易爆危险化学品,由于使用、存储不当,极易造成重大事故。根据某火电厂实际情况,结合安全评价的基本程序,运用道(DOW)化学火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对火电机组氢冷系统(GRH)单元进行了评价。结果显示,GRH单元的本质危险性很大,经过安全措施补偿后危险性较轻,说明利用道氏法对火电厂危险化学品使用状况进行评价,能够比较准确地反映被评价单位的实际情况,根据评价结果和存在的问题提出有针对性的对策措施,进一步改善火电机组运行环境的安全。评价结果可为火电厂提高安全管理水平提供有价值的参考。     

盐度和压力对沉积物逐级分离样品吸附毒性有机物的影响

用化学逐级分离法对大连近海沉积物中有机组分和无机组分进行分离,考察了盐度和压力对沉积物中有机组分和无机组分附几种毒性有机物的影响。结果表明,有机组分几种毒性有机物的吸附能力随盐度的升高线性递增;而无机组分的吸附能力随盐度的升高线减。升高压了沉积物中２组分对毒性有机物的吸附能力。但随压力的升高,吸附能力增加的幅度降低。吸附系数与压力之间的关系可用指数方程描述。     

高速公路危险品运输环境风险评价及防护应急对策

运用危险品车辆发生交通事故的概率,对国家重点公路威海至乌海线新河一滨州段高速公路危险品运输环境风险做出了评价分析,并提出了防护和应急措施。     

危化品罐车自封堵式安全截断阀设计与分析

为解决危化品罐车的储罐阀门管线等关键部件易损坏造成危化品泄漏的问题,基于系统本质安全原理设计1种内置自封堵式安全截断阀并对其关键部件强度进行校核计算,建立实现阀芯阀座有效密封的三维实体模型并完成有限元分析。结果表明:在阀座密封面与球形阀芯接触处出现最大应力,阀座承受的最大应力小于材料的最大屈服应力,内置自封堵式安全截断阀具有较高的可靠性,可为危化品储运相关安全装置设计提供理论参考。     

三唑酮在水环境中的环境行为、毒性效应及生态风险

三唑酮是目前应用最广泛的三唑类广谱杀菌剂之一,在我国的使用量有逐年增长的趋势。本研究综述了三唑酮在水环境中的环境行为、毒性效应及其对我国部分水体的生态风险。三唑酮使用后被土壤吸附和解吸,经雨水淋溶作用进入地表或地下水环境,在丰水期检出率与检出浓度较高,目前我国地表水中三唑酮最高检出浓度为12μg·L-1。三唑酮在环境中的半衰期为15~43.3 d,能够在水生生物体内累积代谢,在不同浓度下对不同类群、不同生命阶段的水生生物表现出不同的毒性效应,对应着多条有害结局路径,其中最重要的是通过抑制细胞色素P450酶活性干扰机体内激素水平,影响水生生物繁殖和生长发育,导致种群密度降低。在目前已知的暴露水平下,三唑酮对我国地表水具有潜在的生态风险,特别是丰水期稻田附近的地表水风险尤其需要关注。     

危险化学品突发事故环境污染诱因及对策初探

近年来我国发生的一些危险化学品环境污染重特大事故,其产生的原因主要是危险化学品在生产、运输、储存和使用中突发事故使危险化学品进入环境,从而造成污染.降低危险化学品突发事故环境污染的危害,一方面需要做好防灾工作,科学合理地规划与布局,加强安全生产监管,做好事故预案,科学处置突发事故;另一方面要积极采取有效减灾措施,对陆地、水环境中的危险化学品进行控制和处理,对大气中的危险化学品及燃烧爆炸的产物进行净化,对救援中产生的污水进行无毒化处理.     

Inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the United Arab Emirates

The concentration of selected inorganic chemicals was determined for 396 samples of bottled water, desalinated water, and groundwater used for drinking and domestic purposes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of inorganic chemicals in different domestic water types used in the UAE with the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water. Results of the present study revealed a wide variation in the concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the UAE. For example, the bottled water sold for drinking is depleted in major ions and the total dissolved solids (TDS) in some brands do not exceed 100 mg/l. On the other hand, some of the domestic water used may contain as much as 3,000 mg/l TDS, which is above the WHO recommended limit for drinking water (500–1,500 mg/l TDS). Similarly, while bottled water is almost free of trace ions and minor constituents, some natural groundwater may have concentrations higher than the WHO recommended limits for drinking water. The cause of this variation is related to the different water sources and the large number of companies producing and distributing drinking and domestic water. Moreover, it is clear that the current controls on domestic water quality in some areas, namely conformance of pH and electrical conductivity measurements with prescribed ranges of values, are currently inadequate. These two parameters are not enough to judge if water is suitable for drinking or not and some consumers may receive domestic water of uncertain quality.     

The fate of the aqueous phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction in a detention pond system

The concentration of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in influent, effluent, and within a detention pond system was measured. The "soluble fraction" was operationally defined as the PAHs in solution that passed through a 1.2 μm filter. The results show that influent and effluent PAH concentrations were similar, indicating that dissolved PAH moved essentially unhindered through the detention pond system. In general, low molecular weight PAH were present at the highest concentrations and the highest PAH concentrations were measured in Summer. Also, year-to-year variations in PAH concentration were observed. At the end of sufficiently large storms, the pond was comparably unpolluted. During dry periods, the dissolved PAH concentration rose, possibly due to evapoconcentration and by partitioning of PAH from trapped contaminated sediment in the detention pond system. This study provides evidence that aqueous-phase PAH concentrations in runoff water were relatively unaffected by the passage through a conventional detention pond system.     

某公司清洁生产效益分析

为了确保产品具有市场竞争力,南通江海高纯化学品有限公司不断创新和技改,大力实施清洁生产审计工作,通过提高生产过程控制水平、改进工艺参数等措施,提高了管理水平,企业实现了节能降耗的可持续发展模式.     

Wastewater Effluent,Combined Sewer Overflows,and Other Sources of Organic Compounds to Lake Champlain1

Abstract: Some sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) to streams, lakes, and estuaries, including wastewater‐treatment‐plant effluent, have been well documented, but other sources, particularly wet‐weather discharges from combined‐sewer‐overflow (CSO) and urban runoff, may also be major sources of OWCs. Samples of wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluent, CSO effluent, urban streams, large rivers, a reference (undeveloped) stream, and Lake Champlain were collected from March to August 2006. The highest concentrations of many OWCs associated with wastewater were in WWTP‐effluent samples, but high concentrations of some OWCs in samples of CSO effluent and storm runoff from urban streams subject to leaky sewer pipes or CSOs were also detected. Total concentrations and numbers of compounds detected differed substantially among sampling sites. The highest total OWC concentrations (10‐100 μg/l) were in samples of WWTP and CSO effluent. Total OWC concentrations in samples from urban streams ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/l, and urban stream‐stormflow samples had higher concentrations than baseflow samples because of contributions of OWCs from CSOs and leaking sewer pipes. The relations between OWC concentrations in WWTP‐effluent and those in CSO effluent and urban streams varied with the degree to which the compound is removed through normal wastewater treatment. Concentrations of compounds that are highly removed during normal wastewater treatment [including caffeine, Tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate, and cholesterol] were generally similar to or higher in CSO effluent than in WWTP effluent (and ranged from around 1 to over 10 μg/l) because CSO effluent is untreated, and were higher in urban‐stream stormflow samples than in baseflow samples as a result of CSO discharge and leakage from near‐surface sources during storms. Concentrations of compounds that are poorly removed during treatment, by contrast, are higher in WWTP effluent than in CSO, due to dilution. Results indicate that CSO effluent and urban stormwaters can be a significant major source of OWCs entering large water bodies such as Burlington Bay.