四川省职业病危害防治现状与对策思考

经统计职业危害因素申报系统、职业病网络直报系统等相关数据,发现四川省职业危害涉及面广,接触危害因素人数众多,职业健康投入不足,职业病发病人数多并主要为尘肺病。省安全监管局在职业健康监管方面开展了多项切实有效的工作,然而在职业病防治中仍存在诸多现实问题。针对这一情况,提出了强化职业健康防治意识,增强工作自觉性和主动性;完善法律法规体系,形成良好法治环境;完善制度、机制,落实企业主体责任;突出重点,深入开展职业危害治理等提高职业病危害防治效果。     

Use of safety barriers in operational safety decision making

Operational personnel in complex hazardous industries are regularly called upon to make decisions that balance the production and safety objectives of their organisation. Regulations and industry standards focus on defining and complying with operating limits of various kinds as the primary method of achieving the right balance. Such limits remove the need in many cases for in-the-moment judgements about safety and production priorities.Focussing solely on the compliance with a pre-defined envelope underestimates the direct contribution to safety from operational managers based on their professional judgement. Research in a chemical plant, a nuclear power station and an air navigation service provider has identified a “line in the sand” approach taken by experienced operating personnel when abnormal situations arise. In developing these situation-specific self-imposed limits, operational managers focus on the status of safety barriers, rather than considering risk from first principles. This approach could form the basis of a new procedure, which lays out the process to be followed in determining how best to proceed (similar to job safety analysis or permit to work). This would acknowledge that such decisions are necessary, assist operational personnel in making better choices and open such decisions to appropriate audit and scrutiny.     

基于相似试验的尾矿库溃坝泥石流预测分析

模型试验是较为准确预测尾矿型泥石流危害影响范围的研究手段。以四川盐源平川铁矿58号尾矿库为研究原型,应用相似试验原理建立该库的试验模型,进行全溃坝试验。试验中冲击压力在断面1达到峰值21 kPa;泥深呈周期性变化在断面2达到最大值5.8 cm,流速随泥石流演进长度不断减小,在断面1出现最大流速1.7 m/s。试验结果表明,溃坝泥石流的冲击压力、泥深和流速在运动过程中先快速到达峰值,然后逐渐减小,而泥深的变化呈现一定的波动性。各断面冲击压力、泥深和流速的峰值出现的时间并不相同,其出现先后与流通地形有很大关联。     

基于点危险源的危险品运输路径优化研究

为合理选择危险品运输路径,降低危险品运输事故造成的损失,使道路危险品运输风险评价更符合实际情况,建立点危险源风险评价模型。模型综合考虑了运输时间和季节情况影响因子,在准确估算危险品泄漏事故毒害区域面积和后果损失的基础上,结合传统风险评价模型与最大最小模型进行求解。最后通过算例分析,检验该模型的实际运用,通过与传统求和方式所得的最优运输路径的对比,反映2种方式所求得的最优运输路径并不相同,同时也表明,用所建模型求得的运输路径风险值有更高的精确性。计算结果表明:该模型求得的某条运输路径的风险值等于该路径上风险值最大的路段的风险值,而不是该路径上所有路段的风险值之和。     

矿井高温高湿职业危害及其临界预防点确定

为预防矿井高温高湿热害对矿工身心健康造成不良影响,对矿井热源以及高温高湿环境导致的职业危害进行分析。选取等效温度(TET)和综合温度指标(TZ)作为热应力指标,调查研究矿井高温高湿环境造成的矿工疲劳问题和烦恼问题。提出在矿井特殊环境下导致矿工疲劳和烦恼的临界预防点—TET指标临界值和TZ指标临界值分别为28.48℃和26.14℃,并给出矿井临界深度745 m。结果表明:提出的临界预防值与国内外已经制定的标准有一定的一致性。矿井开采超过临界深度后,矿工疲劳、烦恼影响程度将随开采深度急剧增加。不同深度矿井应该采取不同的降温标准。     

Quantitative assessment of domino and NaTech scenarios in complex industrial areas

Since the late 80s the application of quantitative risk assessment to the issue of land-use planning with respect to major accident hazards emerged as a topic to be addressed within the safety assessment of chemical and process plants. However, in the case of industrial clusters or complex industrial areas specific methodologies are needed to deal with high-impact low-probability (HILP) events. In the present study, innovative methodologies developed for the quantitative assessment of risk due to domino and NaTech scenarios are presented. In recent years a set of models for the calculation of equipment damage probability were developed. A specific effort was dedicated to the improvement of models for the calculation of equipment damage probability in these accident scenarios. In the present study, the application of these models to case-studies was analyzed. The results of the improved models obtained for NaTech quantitative assessment were compared to previous results in the literature. A specific innovative approach was developed to multi-level quantitative assessment of domino scenarios, and its potential was analyzed. The results were examined also evidencing the role and the progress with respect to the pioneering work started on these topics by Franco Foraboschi.     

基于GIS的新源县滑坡灾害分析与区划

新源县是新疆滑坡灾害的多发区。基于GIS的多元信息整合与空间分析功能,分析了近年新源县449个滑坡灾害点的监测数据,探讨了该区滑坡的发育特征,进行了滑坡灾害危险性区划。结果表明,地质条件是滑坡灾害形成的基本因素,降雨是滑坡灾害的主要诱发因素,过度放牧等人类活动也是促发滑坡灾害发生发展的重要因素之一。由此,为避免滑坡灾害,减少在上述地形地质条件下的不合理人类活动、合理安排牲畜数量以减少环境负荷是决策关键。     

基于层次分析法的库岸高速滑坡危险度评价

高速滑坡的判定是滑坡治理工作中的一项重要内容,但由于目前尚没有统一规范的滑速计算方法,因而给高速滑坡的预测带来了一定的困难。层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的多目标决策分析方法,针对库岸高速滑坡发生的各影响因子,采用层次分析法对鹅公带古滑坡体的高速滑坡体危险度进行了分析评价,为库岸高速滑坡的预测提供了一条新思路。     

汶川地震陕西重灾区地质灾害风险区划探讨

以汶川地震陕西的勉县、宁强、略阳三个重灾县的地质灾害防治区划为研究对象,借鉴国际上的自然灾害风险概念,基于1∶5万地质灾害详细调查精度,在勉、略、宁地区地质灾害危险性评价和承灾体地质灾害社会经济易损性评价基础上,通过GIS平台,进行了勉县、略阳、宁强地区的地质灾害风险区划初步研究,划分了勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区划结果。研究结果表明:勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区划属于细观层面的地质灾害风险区划。勉、略、宁地区地质灾害风险区可以划分为高、中、低和极低4级风险区,高中风险区占到全区面积的60%,是今后勉略宁地区地质灾害防治的重点。     

湖南怀化市坡面地质灾害发育特征与人为致灾因子分析

怀化市地处湘西南,雪峰山贯穿全境,山峦叠嶂、沟谷纵横,地质构造复杂,地质环境脆弱,崩塌、滑坡等坡面地质灾害频繁发生。活动断裂纵横交错是孕育怀化市坡面地质灾害的地质构造基础,强烈风化与疏松地表是其物质来源,降水与径流量丰沛是其动力条件,暴雨、洪水是其诱发因素。人类活动,如水利水电工程建设、矿产资源开发工程、边坡开挖、乱采滥伐森林植被,增加了地质环境的压力,破坏了生态平衡,成为重要的致灾因子。怀化市崩塌、滑坡类型上以白垩系红层中的风化残坡积层中的土质类居多;时间上在过去15年呈波浪状上升态势,以2001年、2004年尤为严重;空间上主要集中沅水及其支流两岸谷坡地带和中低山丘陵区的100～450 m斜坡陡峭段。