Contrasting cesium dynamics in neighboring deep and shallow warm-water reservoirs

To measure the long term retention and seasonal dynamics of an initial 4 kg addition of ¹³³Cs into an 11.4-ha, 157,000 m³ reservoir (Pond 4, near Aiken, South Carolina, USA), the concentrations and inventories of ¹³³Cs in the water column were measured at periodical intervals for 522 days following the 1 August, 1999 release. After rapid declines in concentrations and inventories during the first 90 days, the ¹³³Cs concentrations in the water column declined at an average proportional rate of 0.004 d⁻¹. However, there were periods of less rapid and more rapid rates of declines, and these were correlated with periods of increasing and decreasing K concentrations in the water column. The decline rates were less and the K concentrations greater in the winter than in the summer. In the deeper, neighboring monomictic reservoirs of Par Pond and Pond B, a yearly cycle of increasing and decreasing ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in the water column is driven by anoxic remobilization of Cs from the sediments into a persistent summer hypolimnion. In Pond 4, whose mean depth of 1.6 m is too shallow to support a persistent anoxic hypolimnion, the pattern of yearly dynamics for K and Cs appear to be related to the accumulation and release of these elements from the extensive, seasonal macrophyte communities. The contrasting results between Pond 4 and Pond B suggest that a full appreciation of the relative importance of 1) anoxic remobilization and 2) accumulation and release by macrophytes in these systems remains to be established.     

再生粗骨料混凝土柱耐火性能试验与理论分析

为研究再生粗骨料混凝土柱的耐火性能,进行了1个足尺的再生粗骨料混凝土柱和足尺的1个普通混凝土柱在竖向恒定荷载和温度场耦合作用下的耐火性能试验研究,2个试件的混凝土设计强度均为C30,2个柱采用相同的轴压比施加竖向荷载。在试验研究基础上,比较分析了2个试件的耐火极限以及各个测点的温度变化、侧向挠度、轴向变形和破坏过程;用有限元软件ABAQUS对试件截面温度场进行了模拟分析,测点温度增量模拟结果与实测温度增量符合较好。研究表明:相同初始轴压比条件下,混凝土强度接近的再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱升温速度慢,具有相对较好的隔热性能;再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的抗爆裂性能好,耐火极限长;因再生粗骨料混凝土柱比普通混凝土柱的孔隙率相对较高,在高温作用下其内部蒸汽应力可得到一定释放,由此引起的柱子轴向压缩变形相应也较大;一定条件下的再生粗骨料混凝土柱可用于建筑工程。     

钢管混凝土组合柱在标准火与真实火中的行为比较

以实际工程中常用的钢管混凝土组合柱为研究对象,通过ABAQU S大型有限元软件模拟钢管混凝土组合柱在标准火和真实火中的截面温度分布、应力、变形、破坏形态、耐火极限等力学行为。其中标准火选用ISO-834标准火模型,真实火采用欧洲规范Eurocode 1 Part 1-2中的参数火模型来近似模拟真实火灾的温度—时间关系。研究发现,钢管混凝土柱在两种火场环境中的行为差异很大,真实火中的冷却过程对钢管混凝土的破坏起重要的影响。基于本研究,还初步得到火灾过程中环境温度的升温速度、柱火灾荷载比等对钢管混凝土组合柱的抗火性能的影响。     

外包钢-混凝土组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点的滞回性能研究

为研究外包钢-混凝土组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点的抗震性能,基于外包钢-混凝土组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点低周反复荷载作用下的试验结果和有限元的模拟,分析了两类试验节点的滞回特性,提出外包钢-混凝土组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点的三折线恢复力模型及其特征参数的取值范围,并给出恢复力模型表达式。结果表明,试件具有良好的耗能能力,建立的恢复力模型骨架曲线与试验值接近;有限元与试验所得的滞回曲线及骨架曲线在弹性阶段吻合较好,随着荷载的反复,两者之间的差异逐渐增大。     

高温后钢管再生混凝土短柱的理论分析与试验研究

首先进行了高温后钢管再生混凝土轴压短柱的试验研究,在分析试验结果的基础上提出了高温后核心再生混凝土的应力一应变关系模型,模型考虑了再生粗骨料取代率和曾经历的最高温度的影响;然后采用数值方法对高温后钢管再生混凝土轴压短柱的荷栽一变形全过程关系曲线进行了计算分析,数值计算结果得到试验结果的验证;最后利用数值方法系统分析了再生粗骨料取代率、曾经历的最高温度和约束效应系数等参数对高温后钢管再生混凝土短柱轴压强度系数的影响,并提出了相应的简化计算公式,轴压承载力的简化计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

混凝土轴压方柱满足目标抗火可靠指标的建议截面

对混凝土轴压柱抗火计算所用荷载比与其常温设计荷载比的换算关系进行了推导和分析,分别针对耐火等级一级和二级情况下的柱耐火极限要求,给出了四面受火轴压方柱满足目标抗火可靠指标的最小截面取值。研究表明:①常温设计荷载比大致为抗火计算所用荷载比的2～5倍,一般混凝土柱可近似取2.5倍;②荷载比小于0.2时,现行规范给出的300mm×300mm截面柱,在抗火可靠指标不小于目标抗火可靠指标的情况下可以满足二级耐火要求;③荷载比和耐火等级是影响轴压柱最小截面取值的主要因素。     

场地土壤六价铬污染治理试验研究

为深入研究唐山市老自行车厂场区六价铬污染机理和确定治理方案,本文通过一系列的浸泡和土柱试验,查明了六价铬在场地包气带中的污染原理和硫酸亚铁还原固定治理土壤六价铬污染的可行性与相关参数。试验结果表明:污染场地内包气带中六价铬的运移主要受吸附和解析作用的控制。使用PH值为3.0,质量浓度为2.4%的硫酸亚铁溶液作为治理药剂,可将污染场地包气带中93.24%的六价铬去除。     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

五莲县石材废料的资源化利用

石材工业是资源加工型产业,加工过程会产生大量的石材废料.我国对石材加工废料的研究起步较晚,应用技术不成熟.介绍了目前国内外对石材废料的几种主要资源化利用方式,并结合五莲县石材产业基地石材加工实际工艺及废料资源化处理方式,研究石材废料的资源化利用.     

Developing an anaerobic digester with external Zeolite filled column for enhancing methane production from swine manure – A feasibility study

ABSTRACT

Development of digesters with an external zeolite column facilitates the convenient removal of the zeolite with TAN, without disturbing the continuous anaerobic digestion process. A digester with an inside zeolite bed (In-Zeo) and digester without adding zeolite (No-Zeo) were employed to compare the process performance with digester with external zeolite column (EX-Zeo). The cumulative, CH₄ yields were 5% and 15% greater in the EX-Zeo, and the In-Zeo digesters respectively compared to the No-Zeo digesters. Also, the % VS reduction was 49%, 55% and 41%, respectively in the Ex-Zeo, In-Zeo and No-Zeo digesters. The results indicated that treatment with 7% zeolite during anaerobic digestion has the potential to improve biodegradation of swine manure. The addition of zeolite appeared to reduce TAN from the digestate, thereby enhancing the CH₄ yield. Zeolite could be used either internally or externally to enhance CH₄ production through anaerobic digestion of swine manure.