国民政府对1931年江淮水灾救治述论

1931年,江淮流域发生特大水灾。南京国民政府积极应对,在制度上建立起协调和组织全国性救灾机构——国民政府救济会,颁布了多项救灾规章制度,制定和丰富赈款募集办法和途径;在实践上以急赈为先,继之开展卫生防疫、以工代赈和农赈等救灾措施。国民政府在救灾中起着主导作用,凸显了政府强力介入公共领域力量,也显示了政府企图通过民族灾难来进行国家整合的努力。     

美国地方政府财政收入体系对其环保行为激励作用分析

地方政府财政收入体系与其环保行为存在极为密切的关系.为借鉴发达国家地方政府在财政上对当地环境保护的投入方式,阐述了美国地方政府及其财政收入体系概况.分析了这种收入体系对地方政府环保积极性激励作用的原因:收入体系与GDP脱钩;财产税作为主体税种,因其课税对象为居民.并属于存量税,从而较大地激励了地方政府的环保积极性;相对完善且强有力的转移支付则通过对地方政府作用,有利于站在州,甚至联邦政府的角度对各地区统筹兼顾,对产业发展合理布局,以实现节能减排、保护环境.指出了这种收入体系模式对我国地方财政体制改革、促进节能减排和环境保护的借鉴意义.     

既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制研究概况

从系统整体出发,基于既有建筑节能改造市场发展研究全面规划视角,架构了总括、ESCO驱动力作用机理、政府作用力实施机理、总结四大模块、两大篇共10章的层次体系。结果发现:ESCO驱动力以作用效益为导向,以运行实践与行为规律、作用影响机理、ESCO驱动策略、效益评价与优化策略为核心要素,是内在动力;政府作用力以有效性为基准,以运行特征与政府行为、影响机理与博弈策略、实施影响机理与有效性评价、实施策略为核心要素,是外在动力。在揭示既有建筑节能改造市场动力机制的基础上,提出未来研究发展趋势。     

农村居民食品安全消费态度异质性及监管路径

当前,我国农村食品安全现状不容乐观,农村居民对于食品安全消费普遍持担忧态度。相对于多主体监管的城市而言,农村食品安全问题既突出又复杂,农村食品安全消费风险的区域差异性,以及农村居民对于食品安全消费担忧度的异质性,使得食品安全监管政策缺乏必要的地区针对性,有些政策甚至在部分农村食品安全消费监管中无所适从,从而难以达到预期效果。现有研究大都是以整体的宏观数据为研究对象,并未将空间微观因素考虑在内,弱化了区域间存在的客观差异,同时也忽略了地区间的相互传导。本文基于我国20个省份500个自然村的农村居民食品安全消费实证调研数据,在引入空间地理分析概念的基础上,采用空间相关性检验的全局Moran’I指数与局部Moran’I自相关指数,对农村居民食品安全消费态度进行深入分析,旨在为各省市农村食品安全态度差异性分析提供有力支撑。研究结果表明:我国农村居民整体食品安全消费态度呈现出一定的普遍性和差异性,并在空间上呈现出集聚现象,主要的热点省份为山东、河南、湖北、江西、安徽五省,说明在治理食品安全的问题上存在着地区紧迫性和针对性,应有重点的针对相关热点城市进行与当地社会、文化、经济状况相适宜的治理措施。接下来,基于实证结果分析造成各区域农村居民食品安全态度差异的影响因素。最后,针对各区域不同现实情况,文章有针对性的提出了对策建议。主要包括:政府必须正视自己的责任,实施切实有效的治理措施;必须抓住问题的主要矛盾与次要矛盾;必须切实落实"因地制宜"政策,针对不同地区的具体情况实施有针对性的治理措施等。     

政府强互惠激励下跨界流域一级水权分散优化配置模型

我国跨界流域水资源冲突问题较严重,一级水权集中配置方案因其过于理想化而实施效率低下,难以应对冲突。提出应在规划和决策的前期给予各类主体充分的利益表达机会,创新一级水权配置模式,构建政府强互惠激励政策协调下的多用水主体分散优化配置模型。首先将分散优化与集中优化进行对比,分析政府强互惠激励下的分散优化协调机制对提高跨界流域水资源的配置效率和配置方案的可操作性的作用;基于分散优化的基本模型,加入政府强互惠节水激励政策,通过节水激励水价这一因子代替原分散优化模型的自利因子,构建一般的一级水权分散优化模型和政府强互惠激励下的一级水权分散优化模型;以漳河流域为例,对模型进行计算及对比分析。研究结果表明:一般分散优化配置模式中,主体的自利性使得流域整体利益受损,尤其是在来水极少的年份;政府强互惠激励下的分散优化配置模式能够兼顾流域宏观和微观的利益。来水量对于跨界流域一级水权配置模式有重要影响,来水量充裕时,政府可放手用水主体进行自主治理,降低行政管理成本;来水量短缺时,政府必须注意改变管理模式,对不同用水主体实施差异化政策激励,加强主体的节水动力;来水量越少,政府强互惠激励下的分散优化配置模式优势越明显。由于既充分考虑各用水主体的利益又能体现流域统一管理理念,因此,政府强互惠激励下的跨界流域一级水权分散优化配置模式在当前流域统一管理和区域分块管理相结合的管理体制下避免了权力冲突。     

Local governing of climate change in Denmark: recasting citizens as consumers

This paper is concerned with the ways in which Danish municipalities seek to mitigate climate change through a range of governance strategies. Through the analysis of ten municipal climate plans using the framework of Mitchell Dean, as well as extensive ethnographic fieldwork in two municipalities, this paper explores how local climate change mitigation is shaped by particular rationalities and technologies of government, and thus seeks to illustrate how the strategies set out in the plans construe climate change mitigation from a certain perspective, thereby rendering some solutions more likely than others and recasting citizens as passive consumers who are to be guided to consume in more climate-friendly ways in the process.     

The importance of place in early disaster recovery: a case study of the 2013 Colorado floods

Recovery is an important but understudied phase in the disaster management cycle. Researchers have identified numerous socio-demographic factors that help explain differences in recovery among households, but are less clear on the importance of place, which we define as a household's locality and local governance. In this paper, we examine the influence of place on disaster recovery through a study of the 2013 Colorado floods. Our findings are based on data collected from interviews, observation of recovery meetings, and a survey of 96 flood-affected households. We show that place shapes a household's disaster recovery by structuring: (1) physical exposure to hazards; (2) which local government has jurisdiction over recovery decisions; (3) local planning culture and its approach to citizen participation; and (4) the strength of social capital networks. Our findings expand the recovery literature and show that place-level variables should be taken into consideration when conceptualizing household recovery and resilience.     

Tackling wicked problems and tricky transitions: change and continuity in Cape Town's environmental policy landscape

This paper offers a reflection on 15 years of policy change in the City of Cape Town aimed at fostering sustainability from the perspective of a City practitioner. The persistent continuation of unsustainable outcomes, despite ongoing policy reforms, is understood as a combination of the emergence of wicked problems, within a changing local government mandate, in the absence of a transformation of institutional structures, tools and approaches. While the approach to policy reform in Cape Town has focussed on reducing substantive uncertainty through its knowledge-based approach, we show that in the context of an expanding local government mandate, sustainability becomes an aspect of many departments’ directive resulting in strategic uncertainty. The untransformed traditional line-function-based structure of local government in turn works against integration between departments (fundamental for addressing non-linear wicked problems), thus promoting institutional uncertainty. In addressing this combination of strategic and institutional uncertainty, our findings indicate that integration has to happen in the policy stage in order for sustainability principles to be implemented in relevant departments; that implementation requires resourcing across the institution, and ought to be included in departments’ targets; and that competing and conflicting rationalities underpin the policy–practice gap. It is suggested that a first step in breaking down the strategic and institutional uncertainties would be to foster shared values through creating deliberative spaces within the City in which debate, discussion and learning can occur.     

Organizational Factors of Environmental Sustainability Implementation: An Empirical Analysis of US Cities and Counties

Environmental sustainability goals are increasingly embedded in local planning, but implementation proves difficult. Using a survey of 217 planners working in a random sample of 146 small to mid-sized American cities and counties, we identify the organizational factors that support and hinder the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices. The analysis is based on a conceptual framework that encompasses organizational capacity, culture, structure, participatory decision-making, the framing of sustainability and contextual factors. We find that environmental sustainability implementation is lagging (although cities are generally ahead compared to counties) and that outcome evaluation is rare, precluding adaptive learning. The major barrier to implementation is that sustainability is low on political and managerial agendas. As expected, local public support, innovation-supportive organizational culture and the prioritization and framing of environmental sustainability support implementation. Surprisingly, innovation diffusion does not occur across neighbouring localities, local capacity and public participation are irrelevant for implementation and hierarchical rather than integrated institutional structures support implementation.     

生态文明建设评价考核的党政同责问题

党政同责是生态文明建设的关键落实手段。评价考核适用于哪些党政机关,如何针对党政机关区别设计评价考核指标,评价考核的结果如何运用等,是落实生态文明党政同责的也是相当重要的内容。中共中央和国务院联合发布生态文明建设党政同责评价考核办法,十八届三中全会文件等党的文件和《环境保护法》等国家法律成为实行党政同责的依据。在角色定位方面,党政同责作为一个保障手段比较稳妥;在指导思想方面,明确党政系统对生态文明建设的主导作用,强化党政领导干部的生态文明责任意识,健全党政领导干部的追责体制和机制;在考核对象方面,把党政系统以及相关领导作为考核对象予以明确;在评价考核指标方面,要区别设计党政两个系统的考核指标体系;在评价考核原则方面,坚持党统领生态文明建设和党政考核并重的原则。地方党政系统的评价考核应分为年度、中期和离任评价考核,评价考核结果要能引起党委特别是组织和纪检监察机关的重视。既应对成绩突出的地区和领导干部给予表彰奖励,也要建立生态补偿、区域限批等损害责任追究制度,健全党政领导干部任内考核责任制和终身责任制。