COST FUNCTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT Cost functions are determined which will allow compensation to existing users of ground water when new users require rights. These functions are dependent on the additional energy cost to existing users. The costs produced by these functions can be significant when large quantities of water are required.     

DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND/WATER RESOURCES: THE EVERGLADES,AGRICULTURE, AND SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: South Florida and the Everglades have been under intensive development since 1850 by Federal and State governments who encouraged and financed extensive drainage and hydraulic changes, primarily for agricultural settlement. Agricultural development of the sugar industry in the northern Everglades adjacent to Lake Okeechobee rapidly progressed only after the 1900s. Political and resource management conflicts have arisen because policies which once favored development are now being reversed by policies and regulation efforts to restore and conserve natural ecosystems. Currently, the environmental and ecological impacts of agricultural land use adjacent to natural wtlands of the Everglades are being assessed. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to outline the historical development of south Florida and the sugar industry, (2) to relate this history to political and management policy changes occurring as it pertains to ecosystem restoration and the multiuser competition for water/land resources, and (3) to propose how integrated resource management might be utilized for a sustainable Everglades and south Florida. This paper outlines the historical paradox of urban settlement, land development, and agricultural production, with efforts in the recent decade to acquire, manage, and preserve land and water resources for natural areas conservation. Only though the use of integrated resource management will the defined resource conflicts be mediated.     

西安地裂缝的数值模拟研究

在分析总结西安地裂缝基本特征的基础上,采用二维有限单元法,对西安地裂缝进行了数值模拟,并从土动力学角度探讨了地裂缝的形成机制．结果表明,西安市区超采地下承压水导致地面不均匀沉降是西安地裂缝产生和发展的主要原因。故认为只有通过对地下承压水的合理开采,控制西安市区地面的不均匀沉降,才是减缓西安地裂缝活动的根本对策。     

大地介质极化率和二次场衰减特性时序观测与研究

大地介质极化率和二次场衰减特性时序观测是探索介质新的电性参数作为前兆观测项目的研究课题。经两年的观测研究发现,极化率存在年变化形态;主要研究的放电时段应放在１０～１００ｍｓ范围;在观测时段（１９９４ ０３～１９９５ １１）内台站３００ｋｍ范围发生的唯一一次大于５．０级的苍山５．２级地震（△３０４ｋｍ）前,极化率参数异常不明显,而极化率衰减度在该次地震前出现异常,衰减曲线极大值位移、曲线畸变、半衰时亦出现高值。对比地电阻率与极化率衰减度和半衰时的观测数据,在苍山５．２级地震前异常时间同步,呈低电阻率、高衰减度、高半衰时变化。研究结果表明应用介质新电性参数极化率作为前兆观测项目是可行的。     

灰色关联分析在浅层地下水环境质量评价中的应用

在井田浅层地下水分析测试资料的基础 ，采用灰色关联评价方法对浅层地下水环境质量的现状进行评价。简要论述灰色关联分析方法的应用原理，确定各采样点水体的质量等级，为将来矿井设计、建设和生产过程中浅层地下水环境的保护和利用提供参考资料。     

螺旋板载荷试验探讨

螺旋板载荷试验因能旋入地面以下一定深度进行试验而广泛应用于深层地基土及地下水位以下地基土的承载力测试,根据螺旋板载荷试验的原理,经与平板裁荷试验对比,螺旋板载荷试验同样适用于浅层地基土,螺旋板面积的大小对试验成果影响不大,螺旋板载荷试验确定的承载力不再进行深度修正。     

QUANTIFICATION OF THE WATER BUDGET AND NUTRIENT LOADING IN A SMALL PEATLAND1

ABSTRACT: Few water budgets exist for specific types of wetlands such as peatlands, even though such information provides the basis from which to investigate linkages between wetlands and upland ecosystems. In this study, we first determined the water budget and then estimated nutrient loading from an upland farm field into a 1.5 ha, kettle-block peatland. The wetland contains highly anisotropic peat and has no distinct, active layer of groundwater flow. We estimated the depth of the active layer using Fick's law of diffusion and quantified groundwater flow using a chemical mass balance model. Evapotranspiration was determined using MORECS, a semi-physical model based on the Penman-Monteith approach. Precipitation and surface outflow were measured using physical means. Groundwater provided the major inflow, 84 percent (44,418 m³) in 1993 and 88 percent (68,311 m³) in 1994. Surface outflow represented 54 percent (28,763 m³) of total outflows in 1993 and 48 percent (37,078 m³) in 1994. A comparison of several published water budgets for wetlands and lakes showed that error estimates for hydrologic components in this study are well within the range of error estimates calculated in other studies. Groundwater inflow estimates and nutrient concentrations of three springs were used to estimate agricultural nutrient loading to the site. During the study period, nutrient loading into the peatland via groundwater discharge averaged 24.74 kg K ha^-1, 1.83 kg total inorganic P ha^d, and 21.81 kg NO₃-N ha^-1.     

CONTRASTING WATER QUALITY FROM PAIRED DOMESTIC/PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS,CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally‐derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface‐derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad‐scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served.     

钢铁渣粉在混凝土中的应用研究

为提高钢铁渣综合利用率,考察了钢铁渣粉作混凝土掺合料对混凝土抗压强度、工作性及对大体积混凝土温升的影响,并介绍了应用钢铁渣粉的工程项目。试验及工程应用表明,钢铁渣粉作混凝土掺合料,在相同胶凝材料用量下可显著提高混凝土抗压强度,在保证设计强度要求下可降低胶凝材料用量。此外,钢铁渣粉作混凝土掺合料能提高混凝土的工作性及施工性能,并可能降低混凝土内部温升,是一种新型的混凝土掺合料。     

多维地震作用下偏心结构动力反应的Simulink仿真分析

理论研究与震害经验表明,地震时结构会产生不可忽略的平动与扭转耦合的空间振动,因此,对结构进行平—扭耦联反应分析具有重要意义。本文首先建立多维地震动作用下偏心结构的空间力学模型和动力方程,并编制相应的MAT LAB程序,然后将动力方程所代表的动力学系统用控制理论中的状态空间法予以描述,根据其状态方程在SIMULINK环境下建立仿真分析模型,从而求解动力方程。对一双向水平地震作用下的6层偏心框架结构进行平—扭耦联反应数值仿真分析,得出了一些有益的结论。