基于陆基遥感研究降雨过程对人民渠水质影响

利用监测频率为1min的陆基高光谱水质遥感监测仪于2021年9月24日～11月18日在四川德阳人民渠对浊度、悬浮物、总磷等关键水质参数开展连续监测,精细刻画了水质分钟级的动态变化特征,并结合逐时降水数据探究了不同雨强对人民渠水质的影响.结果显示:降雨量与浊度(r=0.82,P<0.001)、悬浮物(r=0.88,P<0.001)和总磷浓度(r=0.81,P<0.001)均存在极显著正相关,而降雨量与总氮浓度(r=0.39,P=0.07)存在正相关但相关性不显著.当小雨时,降雨量少,没有形成明显的地表径流,河流水质几乎不受影响;大雨及暴雨时,地表径流的形成造成浊度、悬浮物和总磷浓度显著增加,总氮浓度增长幅度则较为平缓.通过高频水质数据可以精细刻画从高强度降雨发生到引发流域氮磷污染物大通量、脉冲式输入再到水质短期剧烈变化这一关键流域污染过程,研究结果为高强度降雨频发地区和未来极端降雨增加情景下流域的污染物控制和综合治理措施提供科学依据.     

A mechanistic model of GPS collar location data: Implications for analysis and bias mitigation

Global positioning system (GPS) collars have revolutionized the collection of animal location data; however, it is well-recognized that considerable bias can be present in these data due to habitat or behavior-induced obstruction of satellite signals resulting in inaccurate or missing locations. To date, no explicit theoretical framework of GPS fix acquisition specific to animal telemetry has been presented, and studies make differing assumptions regarding factors influencing GPS fix acquisition and how these data should be analyzed. Inappropriate statistical models have been used, interaction effects have been misunderstood, and the implementation of bias mitigation techniques has been problematic. Herein we outline current conceptual and analytical problems in the GPS animal telemetry literature, and subsequently present a theoretical model-based framework for GPS fix acquisition that clarifies the single and interactive effects of habitat and behavioral obstruction, fix interval, and collar model on GPS collar performance. By recognizing that GPS fix acquisition is a Bernoulli process, it becomes apparent that all forms of obstruction inherently interact with each other, making generalizations across study areas, study species, and collar models problematic. Stationary collar tests to determine the probability of fix acquisition (PFA), location accuracy, and the response to sources of obstruction are thus of limited applicability to animal-deployed collars. Bias mitigation techniques that extrapolate PFA models across samples, especially those using stationary collar tests to correct animal-deployed collars, are theoretically unsound. It is also demonstrated that nonlinearities in the relationships between sources of obstruction and PFA complicate PFA modeling with limited data and that even slight model misspecification can lead to considerable errors in correction factors, especially when using inverse weighting to mitigate bias. By emphasizing the importance of GPS collar sensitivity and ephemeris retention, the theoretical framework predicts that newer, more sensitive GPS collars will be less severely biased by sources of obstruction than reported for the older, less sensitive collars that have been used in the majority of GPS performance studies to date and we expect this trend to continue. This heuristic modeling exercise should be of value to researchers planning and analyzing studies using GPS collars and it also establishes a starting point for future theoretical investigations into GPS collar performance and bias mitigation.     

An animal movement model incorporating home range and habitat selection

Wildlife biologists are often interested in how an animal uses space and the habitat resources within that space. We propose a single model that estimates an animal’s home range and habitat selection parameters within that range while accounting for the inherent autocorrelation in frequently sampled telemetry data. The model is applied to brown bear telemetry data in southeast Alaska. This article is based on a portion of this author’s Ph.D. dissertation completed in 2003 at the University of Iowa.     

GPS在灾害监测中的应用综述

GPS技术以其连续性、实时性和自动化程度高等优点,在变形监测的应用中越来越发挥着传统测量所无法比拟的重要作用.本文总结了GPS在地震、大坝和滑坡等灾害监测中的应用现状,说明了GPS可广泛用于灾害监测,且具有精度高、速度快、不受气候条件及通视条件的限制等优点,最后探讨GPS灾害监测技术的发展趋势.     

Measures of speeding from a GPS-based travel behavior survey

Objective: Lacking information about actual driving speed on most roads in the Minneapolis–St. Paul region, we determine car speeds using observations from a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based travel survey. Speed of travel determines the likelihood and consequences of collisions. We identify the road segments where speeding occurs. This article then analyzes the relationship between link length, traveler characteristics, and speeding using GPS data collected from 152 individuals over a 7-day period as part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Travel Behavior Inventory.

Methods: To investigate the relationship, we employed an algorithm and process to accurately match the GPS data with geographic information system (GIS) databases. Comparing actual travel speed from GPS data with posted speed limits, we measure where and when speeding occurs and by whom. We posit that link length and demographics shape the decision to speed.

Results: Speeding is widespread under both high speed limits (e.g., 60?mph [97?km/h]) and low speed limits (less than 25?mph [40?km/h]); in contrast, speeding is less common at 30–35?mph (48–56?km/h). The results suggest that driving patterns depend on the road type. We also find that when there are many intersections, the average link speed (and speeding) drops. Long links are conducive to speeding. Younger drivers and more educated drivers also speed more, and speeding occurs more often in the evening.

Conclusions: Road design and link length (or its converse, frequency of intersections) affect the likelihood of speeding. Use of increasingly available GPS data allows more systematic empirical analysis of designs and topologies that are conducive to road safety.     

宜宾地区气溶胶垂直结构地基空基联合监测分析

利用Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization （CALIOP）正交极化云-气溶胶星载激光雷达Level1B资料和LGJ-01型号气溶胶地基激光雷达资料对宜宾地区2016年12月—2017年2月无污染时期、少云轻度污染时期和多云重度污染时期气溶胶的衰减后向散射系数和退偏振比光学参数的垂直分布进行对比分析研究。结果表明：少云轻度污染时期，CALIOP数据监测到海拔高度为0.2~1.0 km范围内气溶胶颗粒集中分布，LGJ-01数据监测到厚度约为0.2 km的近地面气溶胶层，2个激光雷达监测结果基本一致；重度污染时期，LGJ-01地基激光雷达能够较好地探测近地面气溶胶层，CALIOP星载激光雷达能够较好地探测到高空云层，若将两者结合，则能实现不同天气状况下的综合探测，以期较全面客观地为研究气溶胶垂直结构提供观测及科研数据。     

基于全球定位系统(GPS)的电动车辆实时监控系统设计

电动汽车以其良好的环保效应和灵活多样的能源利用形式,已成为国际社会普遍公认的汽车工业的重要发展方向之一,作为凸显可持续发展理念和国家科技产业实力的窗口,电动汽车的规模化应用将成为彰显2008北京“绿色奥运、科技奥运”主题的鲜明标志。为确保电动汽车奥运应用的安全性与可靠性,笔者提出了基于GPS的电动车辆实时监控系统的总体设计。该系统由车载信息采集终端(OBICT)、车辆运行监控(VOP)和无线通讯网络(WCN)3个子系统构成,并能对电动汽车运行中的电池及关键部件工作状态、车辆位置等数据进行实时采集与传输。在给出系统总体结构设计的基础上,对该车载信息采集终端、车辆运行监控子系统的数据流程进行分析,并提出了相应的软/硬件架构技术、设计方法以及实现的功能。     

国际GPS服务机构(IGS)的现状与最新进展

介绍了国际GPS服务(IGS)机构的宗旨、现状和已取得的成果以及最新进展。IGS的数据和成果主要用于全球范围内多学科的科学研究,本介绍将有利于加强与IGS的合作,充分利用国际GPS服务机构的成果,促进我国地震监测预报和减灾科学研究更快的发展。     

大气波导中折射指数的预测预报技术研究

试验数据分析表明我国东南沿海海域是大气波导高概率发生区,实时、精确的折射指数预测预报是电子系统性能评估和系统设计的关键.通过大气折射率剖面的直接测量、基于特定高度气象参数的理论预测、GPS测量、海杂波反演技术等测量、预测预报技术的对比分析,海杂波反演技术由于实时性、保密性、设备简易等优点,是一种极具潜力的大气波导环境预...     

浅述部分灾害评估装备的使用

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了8.0级地震,本文作者参加了国家地震现场工作队第五灾害评估小组的灾害损失评估工作。本文基于此次地震灾害评估的经历,介绍了部分灾害评估装备的使用方法与技巧,总结了一些在地震灾害损失评估工作中节约资料处理时间的经验。