Women's opinions on the offer and use of maternal serum screening

We studied the opinions and experiences concerning maternal serum screening of two groups of women: (A) women who were not eligible for prenatal diagnosis; and (B) women for whom prenatal diagnosis was available because of advanced maternal age, and who either underwent chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Many of the women were in favour of the availability of serum screening and would apply for this test in a future pregnancy. This applied also to many respondents who had previously undergone prenatal diagnosis. Most of these women, however, did not intend to decline diagnostic amniocentesis if the screening results did not indicate an increased risk. The majority of the group of respondents of 36 years and over did not consider it acceptable if age indication was dropped altogether. A system based on serum screening will have other implications than a policy based on age indication, since specific individual risk assessment is perceived as being of more significance than a risk statistically derived from age alone. Serum screening is often seen as a means of reassurance and many women are not aware of the possible drawbacks. As technology becomes increasingly complicated, counselling has to be adjusted correspondingly. Further research is needed to establish whether and how distress can be minimized and well-considered individual choice can be achieved.     

The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the EU27 cement industry and the relationship with the capital budgeting decision criteria

This paper performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of some of the best available technologies (BAT) that can contribute to decreasing the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the European Union’s (EU27) cement industry. Several capital budgeting decision criteria have been used (the payback period, the net present value and the internal rate of return) to study whether or not an investment should be considered worthwhile. The results show that, independent of the capital budgeting decision criteria used, the number of cost-effective retrofitting possibilities available is large compared to the rate of improvements that the industry undertakes annually. This shows the insensitivity of the industry to financial criteria when it comes to making their investment decisions. The possible thermal energy improvement in the clinker production, if all these BATs were implemented, has been quantified to be around 10%. This achievement would place the cement industry in the upper bound of the benchmark range for clinker manufacture. However considering the delays observed nowadays in terms of diffusion of BATs in the cement industry, it requires a conducive policy environment that combines support for both technology development and to their deployment.     

新型气浮净化技术在处理废纸造纸生产废水中的应用

采用新型气浮净化技术结合生化工艺处理废纸造纸生产废水，在进水CODcr，SS，BOD5分别为1200mg／L，800mg／L，300mg／L的情况下，出水分别为64．8mg／L，18mg／L和30mg／L。     

EDSS及其在EIA中的应用

区域环境系统是由人-地相互作用而形成的开放的和复杂的社会、经济与环境的复合巨系统,由此产生的复杂环境问题给环境决策带来了诸多的不确定性,而环境决策支持系统(EDSS)可以辅助环境保护决策工作者提高决策的科学性和有效性.叙述了EDSS的概念,全面回顾了30多年来国内外环境决策支持系统在水环境规划与管理、大气环境质量管理、城市固体废物管理等研究领域的应用进展,并举例重点分析了其在环境影响评价(EIA)中的应用.同时具备强大数据更新能力和环境质量分析预测功能的EDSS,是解决EIA工作中复杂问题的有力工具.基于近年来新技术的发展,EDSS将在智能化,3S技术及多媒体技术应用等方面得到进一步发展,并在环境规划与管理和EIA等工作中发挥更加重要的作用.      

环境保护的两种重要手段-政府决策与公众参与

综述了目前我国环境保护的两种重要手段-政府决策和公众参与的现状及必要性,将政府决策与公众参与结合起来,以推动我国环保事业的进一步发展.     

基于决策树的城市黑臭水体遥感分级

水体黑臭程度遥感监测是了解城市水质现状和综合评价城市水环境治理效果的重要手段.以南京、常州、无锡和扬州为研究区,共采集171个样点,同步测量水质参数和光学参数,分析黑臭水体与一般水体的水色和光学特征,构建决策树模型进行重度黑臭水体、轻度黑臭水体和非黑臭水体（记为一般水体）识别.结果表明：①根据色度可将水体分为1~6类水体,其中,类型1~4为黑臭水体,分别为灰黑色、深灰色、灰色和浅灰色水体,类型5和类型6水体为一般水体,分别为绿色系和黄色系水体;②类型1水体的非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物含量高,但色素颗粒物的吸收并不占主导,类型2和5水体的吸收以色素颗粒物吸收占主导,类型3、4和6水体的吸收以非色素颗粒物吸收占主导;③根据六类水体的反射光谱差异用黑臭水体差值指数（difference of black-odorous water index,DBWI）、三波段面积水体指数（green-red-nir area water index,G-R-NIR AWI）、绿光波段反射率和归一化黑臭水体指数（normalized difference black-odorous water index,NDBWI）构建的水体分类识别决策树,能够有效识别出重、轻度黑臭水体和一般水体;④将决策树模型应用于2019年4月9日扬州的PlanetScope影像上,并利用10个同步过境点进行验证,整体识别精度达到80.00%,K值达到0.67.通过水色分类后的城市水体分级模型方法,可推广应用于类似的水体,为黑臭水体监管提供技术方法.     

室内外空气污染暴露评价

介绍了国外对室内外空气污染暴露评价的各种方法，并运用微环境结合问卷调查的方法，选择了5种主要的空气污染物；甲醛、二氧化硫、氮氧化物，氮和氡作为检测评价的对象，初步评价了北京市各年龄层次人群的污染物暴露水平。结果表明，大部分暴露量源于室内环境，尤其是工作（或学习）场所及住宅；各年龄层次人群的甲醛日平均暴露量均超过相关环境标准，而其它污染物均不超标；室内空气污染特别是因装修引起的室内空气污染应得到重视。     

大型复杂冲压件CAPP的发展趋势

讨论了大型复杂冲压件计算机辅助工艺设计中数值模拟技术的应用、系统模型与工艺决策等关键技术的发展 ,以及CAPP与相关系统的集成 ,分析了大型复杂冲压件计算机辅助工艺设计的发展趋势。     

试论公众参与环境决策

公众参与环境决策的理论和实践在我国还是一个新事物。本文深入探讨了在我国公众参与环境决策的理论依据、法律依据以及现实依据；并从现实的角度对我国公众参与环境决策的作用和现状进行了分析；最后，针对我国公众参与环境决策实践过程中存在的问题提出了加强环保知识宣传，完善环境立法以及扩展环境知情权等四点进一步促进我国公众参与环境决策的对策。     

基于熵权-HDT的航空器维修人误概率确定

人误是造成民用航空维修差错的主要因素。为确定不同情境下人误发生概率,结合某维修基地具体情况,采用熵权法确定主要的影响因子,并基于全决策树法分析主要影响因子对航空器维修人误概率的影响程度。计算结果显示,该维修基地人因可靠性的主要影响因子包括航空器维修人员的安全态度、技能、沟通、工作环境、压力以及工段长领导能力。根据各主要影响因子的不同品质描述等级组合,确定该情境下航空器维修人员的人误概率。鉴于该维修基地人因可靠性影响最明显的因子是"沟通",提出信息及时交流、明确沟通重要性等解决措施。