电子垃圾拆解地区人体双酚A内暴露及与氧化应激效应的关联研究

中国已成为全球电子垃圾的主要回收地之一,电子垃圾拆解造成的污染物人体暴露及健康效应备受关注。尤其是在粗放的拆解方式下,释放的双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)等污染物暴露以及对拆解地区人群的健康影响是重要的科学问题。选取中国北方某电子垃圾拆解地区(即暴露地区)人群为研究对象(包括29名电子垃圾拆解从业者和24名当地居民),以40 km外无电子垃圾拆解地区的人群(N=53)作为参照。暴露地区人群尿液中BPA浓度(中值:10.7μg·g-1肌酐)显著高于参照地区人群(中值:0.66μg·g-1肌酐;P0.01),提示电子垃圾拆解活动可能造成当地人群对BPA的高暴露。暴露地区人群的尿液8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G;中值:236μg·g-1肌酐)高于参照人群(中值:142μg·g-1肌酐),统计结果接近显著(P=0.055)。暴露地区人群血清中谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GSH-ST)与铜/锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)含量较参照组显著降低;而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)显著高于参照组(P0.01)。BPA与8-OHd G显著正相关(P0.05)、与GSH-ST负相关(P0.01);多元回归结果显示,尿液中BPA浓度每上升1倍,8-OHd G升高34.9%(95%CI:19.4%~52.3%),而GSH-ST下降5.46%(95%CI:1.17%~9.56%)。本研究显示,电子垃圾拆解可导致该地区人群对BPA的高暴露,这种暴露可导致氧化应激包括对DNA的氧化损伤。     

nano-TiO_2与1,2,4-TCB联合作用对斑马鱼鳃组织结构及染色体损伤研究

采用组织病理切片法、微核及彗星试验研究nano-TiO_2和1,2,4-TCB联合染毒对斑马鱼鳃组织结构、细胞微核率及DNA损伤的毒性效应。结果表明,单独nano-TiO_2暴露不会导致斑马鱼鳃组织结构损伤,也不会引起明显的微核及染色体损伤。1,2,4-TCB(≥10 mg·L~(-1))会引起鳃组织和细胞染色体的损伤。nano-TiO_2与1,2,4-TCB联合作用会加重斑马鱼的鳃组织结构损伤,出现鳃小片排列严重紊乱,表皮细胞断失严重,鳃小片上皮细胞坏死脱落,鳃丝结构模糊等症状。两者联合作用会引起鳃细胞微核率增加和彗星细胞率的增加,呈现一定的剂量-效应关系,且两者间的联合作用具有协同作用。对彗星试验的尾部DNA百分比、尾长及尾距的分析发现,与对照组和单独作用相比,两者联合作用对彗星指标均有显著增强作用,这表明两者联合作用对染色体的损伤属于非特定片段损伤。     

立方体和八面体微/纳米氧化亚铜对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的氧化胁迫和生理损伤

为了实现特定的功能和应用,越来越多不同结构特性的纳米材料逐渐被人们精确合成。一些研究指出纳米材料的物理化学特性能够显著影响纳米材料对水生生物的毒性作用,但是对于不同特性的纳米氧化亚铜的毒性研究依然比较缺乏。本研究制备了2种不同形貌和结构的微/纳米氧化亚铜(micro/nano-Cu_2O)晶体,通过对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)进行72 h的急性暴露实验,测定了大型水蚤体内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶(Na+/K+-ATPase)的活性变化。结果表明在2种不同特性的微/纳米氧化亚铜暴露体系中,大型水蚤体内Cu的积累量差别不大,但是不同结构的micro/nano-Cu_2O对大型水蚤抗氧化酶活性和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶活性影响存在差别。与立方体相比,八面体micro/nano-Cu_2O能够暴露更多的{111}面,并且其原子排列使其具有较高的表面能量,因此更容易在大型水蚤肠道内诱导产生活性氧(ROS)及溶出更多Cu2+,对大型水蚤产生更强的氧化胁迫和膜损伤。     

羰基镍急性染毒致大鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤的剂量时间效应

通过急性动物实验观察不同剂量羰基镍(Ni(CO)4)染毒对大鼠淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。采用静态方式对SD大鼠染毒30 min,以羰基镍20 mg·m~(-3)、135 mg·m~(-3)和250 mg·m~(-3)为低、中和高剂量染毒组,250 mg·m~(-3)氯气染毒组为阳性对照组,未染毒组为正常对照组。大鼠染毒后1 d、2 d、3 d和7 d分别收集样本。采用单细胞凝胶电泳测量淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。通过对所得彗星图像的尾长和Olive尾距(OTM)指标结果分析发现,大鼠淋巴细胞损伤程度随着羰基镍染毒剂量的增加而增加,4个时间点各剂量组间均有显著差异(P0.05),4个剂量组各时间点均有显著差异(P0.05),且随时间变化有一定的变化规律,损伤程度在3 d时达最大,而后缓慢下降;在高剂量组染毒和染毒后3 d,损伤程度达到最大。急性羰基镍染毒可致淋巴细胞DNA显著损伤,且存在明显的剂量、时间和交互效应。     

Mercuric chloride induced proteotoxicity and structural destabilization in marine fish (Therapon jarbua)

The reaction byproducts derived from lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were measured in tissues of marine fish (Therapon jarbua) exposed to mercuric chloride (HgCl) in water dispersions of 0.125 or 0.25 ppm. LPO was significantly increased in various tissues relative to control values after 96-h exposure. SOD and GPx activities significantly decreased after exposure to first two doses but significantly elevated CAT in Dose II kidney and liver tissues. The elevated levels of LPO, decreased activities of SOD and GPx, and increased CAT activities in all tissues examined in T. jarbua are an index of oxidative stress in fish. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the structural deformation in HgCl₂-exposed animals. These observations suggest that HgCl acts as a mediator in free radical generation. The increase in CAT and decrease in SOD and GPx activities in these tissues may be an adaptive response.     

Historical survey and the cultivation of a new culture regarding the ecology in China's Western Provinces

The Chinese leadership in recent years has clearly indicated that priority will be given to the development of the western provinces. In view of its under-developed economy, the relative poor education of the population and the extensive mode of development, environmental pollution and ecological damage in western China are more serious than in the east. In China's industrialization process in the modern era, the blind imitation of the initial stage of industrialization in the advanced countries and the total rejection of traditional Chinese cultural values have been particularly striking. Hence, the western provinces should adopt a mode of sustainable development based on establishment of an ecological culture. Environmentalists in China would like to concentrate on reforming the modes of production and the people's lifestyles through changing their views and values. They perceive this as the major commitment for building an ecological culture and promoting sustainable development. But large-scale and concentrated damage to the environment are very often the result of neglect and mistakes by government authorities and corporations. Pessimists worry that this millennium will signal the terminal stage for natural values; but there may be an alternative: a millennium of coordinated development, respecting the environment and based on adoption of a new ecological culture.     

Humic substances. Part III. sorptive interactions with environmental chemicals†

The formation of covalent binding to DNA of a carcinogen is now widely accepted to represent a classical mechanism of tumour induction in mammals. This mechanism does not operate with metals since no covalent binding of these agents to DNA does occur. Nevertheless, somatic mutations as typical consequences of DNA‐damage have been reported to be induced by metals in various model systems. Beside DNA‐alkylation such damages can be caused by changes in the conformation of DNA or in the fidelity of DNA‐repair. The activity of the repair enzymes DNA‐polymerases is indeed impaired by many metal ions at least in vitro. It is not yet established whether these mechanisms are also important in the intact mammalian organism. Much evidence has accumulated during the last years that a disturbance of the balance of cations and especially metal ions represents another possible mechanism of tumour induction. The tumours found with high doses of chelating agents such as nitrilo‐triacetic acid (NTA) have to be discussed in this context. Since most—if not—all of the speculative mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis resemble classical pharmacological reactions the existence of a threshold level is likely. So metal carcinogenesis will not be a problem of the environmental contamination at trace levels but a problem of occupational medicine.     

苯并（a）芘对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）肝细胞DNA损伤的影响

苯并（a）芘（Benzo（a）pyrene,BaP）是一种含有5个苯环的多环芳烃,是环境中广泛存在的一类有机污染物,苯并（a）芘可引起多种形式的DNA损伤。彗星试验,又称为单细胞凝胶电泳（Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis,SCGE）,是一项灵敏、快速的在单细胞水平检测DNA链断裂的技术,已经广泛应用于水环境的生物监测中。污染物的毒性监测与评估一直是环境科学研究的热点问题之一。本文通过生态毒理学试验,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,研究不同浓度苯并（a）芘暴露对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）肝细胞DNA的损伤情况。试验将罗非鱼在0.1、1、10、50μg·L-14个苯并（a）芘（BaP）浓度下分别暴露4、7、14 d,利用彗星试验研究BaP对罗非鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤情况,以尾部DNA含量、尾长、尾矩及Olive尾矩为评价指标,结果表明,BaP会对肝细胞DNA造成不同程度的损伤：在0.1、1、10μg·L-13个浓度组,DNA损伤随着BaP暴露浓度的增加而增加,呈现一定的剂量效应关系,50μg·L-1组DNA损伤有所下降。在时间上,除1μg·L-1剂量组的尾部DNA含量、10μg·L-1组的尾部DNA含量及Olive尾矩外,其他指标有在第7天降低之后又升高的趋势,这意味着肝细胞DNA损伤可在一定程度上反映水体中BaP的污染情况。该实验为进一步探讨苯并（a）芘的致癌机制及环境中苯并（a）芘的监测提供一定的科学依据。     

铅与纳米SiO2联合染毒对A549细胞氧化损伤的影响

为了研究铅与纳米SiO2联合染毒所致的细胞损伤特征,并从氧化应激方面探讨其可能的作用机制。用铅和SiO2处理A549细胞,采用四唑盐(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率,评价铅和SiO2联合染毒所致的细胞损伤特征;采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)比色法检测细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量,评价铅与SiO2联合染毒所致细胞的氧化应激状态;检测了细胞内抗氧化物还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及细胞内抗氧化酶的活性,以评价铅与SiO2联合染毒对细胞抗氧化系统的影响。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析。结果表明,铅、SiO2单独染毒组各指标没有明显改变;而联合染毒能造成细胞氧化损伤,表现为细胞存活率、GSH水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著低于对照组及2个单独染毒组(P<0.05),细胞内MDA含量显著高于对照组及各单独染毒组(P<0.05)。可见,联合染毒可引起明显的细胞毒性,氧化损伤可能是铅与SiO联合染毒致肺细胞毒性损伤的作用机制之一。     

Stimulating flood damage mitigation through insurance: an assessment of the French CatNat system

Flood risk has increased in France in the last 20 years and is projected to increase further in the future due to climate change and increase in exposure. Since 1982, France has had a natural disasters insurance system (‘CatNat’) in place that covers flood damage. This insurance system has been combined with what are called ‘Risk Prevention Plans’ (PPRs) in order to stimulate the undertaking of flood risk mitigation measures by communities and households. However, these schemes do not provide optimal incentives for flood damage reduction. This is confirmed by the results from a survey about flood preparedness of 885 households who live in flood-prone areas in France, which are presented in this paper. Moreover, this study provides suggestions for improvement, which are assessed on their potential economic, social and political implications. Among these suggestions are increasing the effectiveness of PPRs and increasing the incentives to apply and implement PPRs; improving the monitoring of the implementation of damage mitigation measures; and the possibility to differentiate premiums and deductibles according to flood risk.