下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选

结合潜在危害指数评价方法和加权评分方法,构建了新的地下水中典型污染物的筛选方法,并应用于下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选。将急性基准浓度值(CMC)和慢性基准浓度值(CCC)引入潜在危害指数评价中;鉴于潜在危害指数法不考虑化合物的环境浓度,将潜在危害指数法与加权评分法相结合,引进平均浓度、检出频次等影响因素,计算不同污染物加权评分结果;通过聚类分析,筛选出典型污染物。研究表明,下辽河平原区域地下水中筛选出的典型污染物包括:As、NH+4、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、1,1-二氯乙烯、α-六六六、p,p'-滴滴滴、p,p'-滴滴伊、苯并(a)芘。     

二氯乙腈对大肠杆菌基因表达的影响

为探究二氯乙腈(DCAN)对大肠杆菌(E.coli)基因表达的影响及相应的毒性作用,采用自组织映射(SOM)聚类及剂量效应关系分析方法考察了E.coli在不同剂量DCAN暴露120min过程中其基因表达状况.结果表明:随时间及浓度改变E.coli基因表达具有动态性;在DCAN浓度为1.429×10-3mg/L时,多个参...     

Ⅲ型储氢气瓶内胆6061-T6铝合金的氢致损伤研究进展

基于在多次循环充、放氢过程中,Ⅲ型储氢气瓶6061-T6铝合金内胆内部结构中渗入氢,从而导致性能衰减,影响气瓶服役安全可靠性,文中从氢渗透损伤、高压气体渗氢、溶液渗氢等几个方面综述了国内外开展包括6061铝在内的铝及铝合金中氢渗透行为及对铝合金拉伸力学性能、疲劳性能的影响的研究进展.简述了采用高压气体渗氢及溶液渗氢开展...     

Effects of Glomus mosseae on the toxicity of heavy metals to Vicia faba

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on the growth of Vicia faba and toxicity induced by heavy metals （HMs） （Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd） in a field soil contaminated by a mixture of these metals. There was also uninoculation treatment （NM） simultaneously. Mycorrhizal （GM） plants have significantly increased growth and tolerance to toxicity induced by heavy metals compared with NM plants. P uptake was significantly increased in GM plants. Mycorrhizal symbiosis reduced the transportation of HMs fi＇om root to shoot by immobilizing HMs in the mycorrhizal, shown by increasing the ratios of HMs from root to shoot. Oxidative stress, which can induce DNA damage, is an important mechanism of heavy metal toxicity. GM treatment decreased oxidative stress by intricating antioxidative systems such as peroxidases and non-enzymic systems including soluble protein. The DNA damage induced by heavy metals was detected using comet assay, which showed DNA damage in the plants was decreased by the GM treatment.     

大跨桥梁结构损伤预警的基本原理与方法

以润扬长江公路大桥为例,系统阐述了以小波包能量谱为基础的结构损伤预警方法的理论基础和本质特征。研究了以小波包分析为基础的结构动力系统的多尺度分解原理,推导了不同分析尺度上振动结构的状态方程和观测方程,并分析了结构系统矩阵和观测噪声的小波包分解特性,从理论上证明了基于小波包能量谱的结构损伤预警的敏感性和噪声鲁棒性。指出大跨桥梁结构损伤预警的有效性须考虑结构损伤和观测噪声的共同影响,并根据噪声能量的小波包分解特性提出了大跨桥梁结构损伤预警参数的计算方法。     

大孤山铁矿边坡爆破损伤分区研究

露天矿生产爆破,特别是靠帮爆破在边坡中形成的爆破损伤区对其稳定性具有很大的影响。本文针对大孤山铁矿露天爆破开采的实际情况,建立了极限平衡数值分析模型及峰值速度衰减公式。利用数值分析软件Geoslope对边坡靠帮爆破过程中岩体损伤范围进行了研究,主要分析了在爆破-200--212m水平时,爆破震动对边坡岩体的影响,并利用萨道夫斯基公式和PPV安全判据对爆区周围岩体损伤范围进行了计算。结果表明距离炮孔6.2m以内范围为完全破碎区,6.2-12.4m为岩体重度损伤区,12.4-19.7m为轻微损伤区。数值分析表明距爆源同一距离的岩体质点峰值速度随深度的增加而减小,爆破区周围震动波速成漏斗形分布,同实际爆破情况吻合。     

基于激波理论的新兴煤矿煤与瓦斯突出事故研究

通过分析新兴煤矿煤与瓦斯突出事故,发现在事故中由于煤与瓦斯突出事故诱发了激波的生成,瞬间产生的巨大超压,引起风流逆向,大量瓦斯随逆向风流从突出地点扩散传播至二水平,接触卸载巷电机车架空线所产生的电火花,从而引发瓦斯爆炸事故。提出了突出激波对事故的影响并分析了突出激波的形成及其破坏作用,研究了影响突出激波破坏作用的影响因素,得出参与突出的瓦斯量和瓦斯压力是影响激波强度的关键因素。有助于了解突出后的气流动力演化规律,并为煤与瓦斯突出事故的防灾、救灾措施的制定以及提高矿井的抗灾能力提供了参考。     

基于城市用地单元的自然灾害风险评估概念模型

为使城市土地利用规划与灾害风险管理更好地结合,从城市规划的基础单元———城市用地系统出发,提出基于城市用地单元的区域综合自然灾害风险评估的概念模型。基于城市用地单元的灾害风险评估,包括城市土地利用单元上潜在致灾因子及承灾体自然脆弱性相结合的灾损风险评估,以及人口、经济、社会因素等所引起的社会脆弱性评估2个方面。通过耦合矩阵,得到5个等级的灾害风险。其中,灾损风险与脆弱性均较高的城市用地单元或区域应得到高度关注。基于城市土地利用单元的灾害风险评估模型的应用关键,在于建立城市用地单元的数据库。提高基础数据的精度,有助于提高评估结果的精度。     

城市危险源爆炸灾害应急损失评估研究

采用冲击波伤害-破坏超压准则,首先确定了不同当量TNT炸药爆炸引起的人员伤害区域和建筑物破坏区域;再通过确定危险物爆炸所产生热量值的大小,将各种危险物料转化为相应当量的TNT炸药,可用于评估各种不同危险物料爆炸所造成的损失。同时,结合GIS软件平台,编制了爆炸灾害评估模拟程序。在软件平台中以图形的形式给出了设定条件下人员伤害区域及建筑物破坏区域的范围,根据区域内的人员分布和建筑物造价、财产多少,给出了定量的人员伤亡和经济损失应急评估。     

Proposed Definition of Environmental Damage Illustrated by the Cases of Genetically Modified Crops and Invasive Species

Abstract: The introduction of non‐native plant species and the release of genetically modified (GM) crops can induce environmental changes at gene to ecosystem levels. Regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity or the EU Deliberate Release Directive aim to prevent environmental damage but do not define the term. Although ecologists and conservationists often refer to environmental effects of GM crops or invasive species as damage, most authors do not disclose their normative assumptions or explain why some environmental impacts are regarded as detrimental and others are not. Thus far, a concise definition of environmental damage is missing and is necessary for a transparent assessment of environmental effects or risks. Therefore, we suggest defining environmental damage as a significant adverse effect on a biotic or abiotic conservation resource (i.e., a biotic or abiotic natural resource that is protected by conservational or environmental legislation) that has an impact on the value of the conservation resource, the conservation resource as an ecosystem component, or the sustainable use of the conservation resource. This definition relies on three normative assumptions: only concrete effects on a conservation resource can be damages; only adverse effects that lead to a decrease in the value of the conservation resource can be damages; and only significant adverse effects constitute damage to a conservation resource. Applying this definition within the framework of environmental risk assessment requires further normative determinations, for example, selection of a threshold to distinguish between adverse and significant adverse effects and approaches for assessing the environmental value of conservation resources. Such determinations, however, are not part of the definition of environmental damage. Rather they are part of the definition's operationalization through assessment procedures, which must be grounded in a comprehensible definition of environmental damage.