当量加速腐蚀条件下飞机结构耐久性评估方法研究

目的研究某型飞机机翼纵墙下缘条的结构细节模拟试件的耐久性。方法根据实测环境数据编制某沿海机场环境加速试验谱,开展不同当量腐蚀年限的加速腐蚀试验,然后进行耐久性试验,基于裂纹萌生寿命(TTCI)服从双参数威布尔分布和对数正态分布,建立表征腐蚀损伤下机翼纵墙结构细节原始疲劳质量(IFQ)的当量初始缺陷尺寸(EIFS)分布,并对机群机翼纵墙的经济寿命进行预测。结果铝合金材料在θ=40℃,pH=4.0,质量分数为5%的NaCl溶液盐雾环境中作用189.7 h,腐蚀损伤与该海洋大气环境腐蚀1 a相当。结论该关键结构在沿海机场环境条件下的耐久性能满足寿命指标要求。     

基于AHP-SLIM的航空器维修人误概率确定

人误是造成民用航空维修差错的主要因素。由于缺少实际的数据,对航空维修行业人为失误发生的规律进行研究是必要的,但是规律研究主要依赖于该领域专家的判断,很难确保一致性。为了克服这个困难得到更加准确的评估,本文将层次分析法同成功似然函数结合起来估计造成飞机/发动机/附件损坏的人误概率。该方法确定了航空器维修人员的安全态度、知识和技能、计划和监管、信息沟通等因素,对人误的影响程度以及飞机/发动机/附件损坏中常见人误的发生概率。计算结果表明,操作/试验时最容易发生飞机/发动机/附件损坏,并且提出加强组织和监管、严格按章办事等解决措施。     

Evaluation of DNA damage in the root cells of Allium cepa seeds growing in soil of high background radiation areas of Ramsar – Iran

Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for ²²⁶Ra was 12,766 Bq kg⁻¹ whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34–60 Bq kg⁻¹. A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with ²²⁶Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA.     

The synergistic interaction of Nickel(II) with dna damaging agents

In this report we present several examples in which nickel(II) in combination with DNA damaging agents caused an enhanced or synergistic biological response using several different endpoints. These examples of Ni(II) toxicity represent several approaches designed to understand the genotoxicity of Ni(II) as well as several other metal ions. They are discussed in this report as a partial basis for our hypothesis that Ni(II) may alter the cellular processing of DNA damage at some common point in the pathway for DNA repair of several different agents. In cultured Chinese hamster cells DNA damage by Ni(II) ions was not readily demonstrated by the method of alkaline elution, but pretreatment of cells with Ni(II) before X‐irradiation produced an enhanced amount of strand breaks compared to the amount produced by X‐rays alone. A synergistic enhancement of cell transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells was observed for combined treatments of Ni(II) and benzo(a)pyrene. The nickel enhancement of mutagenesis by ultraviolet light was demonstrated for the bacterial gene gpt stably integrated into the Chinese hamster V79 genome.     

An overview of short‐term tests for the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticides

Abstract

In the last few years, marked progress has been made in the development of methods for evaluating the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticide chemicals. The correlation of genetic and related biological activity in short‐term tests with carcinogenic activity in whole animals allows the utilization of short‐term mutagenicity bioassays to prescreen chemicals for effects related to mutation induction and presumptive carcinogenicity. In addition, bioassays now available can measure directly the chemical transformation of normal cells in culture into cells capable of producing tumors when injected into animals.

This paper will review briefly the major types of relevant short‐term tests and will develop a rationale for a phased approach to the evaluation of the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of environmental chemicals. This approach involves the sequential application of bioassays which are organized into a three‐level matrix emphasizing first detection, then confirmation, and finally hazard assessment. Chemicals demonstrating positive results in the short‐term detection systems and confirmatory bioassays are pursued in higher level whole animal tests. A core battery of tests is proposed to operationally define a negative result. The phased approach should facilitate a cost effective utilization of limited testing resources and provide protection for human health in proportion to the anticipated hazard.

Results obtained in evaluating a series of thirty‐eight pesticide chemicals according to the phased approach are discussed in detail.     

An application of Markov Decision Programming to ecologico-cybernetics—A decision method applied to the antifrost of winter wheat

Modern ecologico-cybernetic principle is of importance to decreasing damages in relation to agricultural productions. As an illustration of this, the authors studied some of the questions about the optimal policy of choosing actions for the antifrost measures of winter wheat by means of the finite-stage model of Markov Decision Programming (MDP). The related data came from the investigation results of the investigated region in the northeastern part of Henan, China. First, the authors give the states, ecologico-cybernetic action measures, transition probabilities and reward values in relation to these antifrost action measures of winter wheat crop. Second, the authors describe the principles and computational procedures of the ecologico-cybernetic decision-makings based on the finite-stage model of MDP. Third, a simple table applicable to the decision-making practice is given. Finally, we evaluate the results of this study, point out their shortcomings and suggest that this method is applicable to the other fields in relation to decreasing damage ecologico-cybernetics.     

Effects of Glomus mosseae on the toxicity of heavy metals to Vicia faba

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on the growth of Vicia faba and toxicity induced by heavy metals （HMs） （Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd） in a field soil contaminated by a mixture of these metals. There was also uninoculation treatment （NM） simultaneously. Mycorrhizal （GM） plants have significantly increased growth and tolerance to toxicity induced by heavy metals compared with NM plants. P uptake was significantly increased in GM plants. Mycorrhizal symbiosis reduced the transportation of HMs fi＇om root to shoot by immobilizing HMs in the mycorrhizal, shown by increasing the ratios of HMs from root to shoot. Oxidative stress, which can induce DNA damage, is an important mechanism of heavy metal toxicity. GM treatment decreased oxidative stress by intricating antioxidative systems such as peroxidases and non-enzymic systems including soluble protein. The DNA damage induced by heavy metals was detected using comet assay, which showed DNA damage in the plants was decreased by the GM treatment.     

医药行业蒸馏系统蒸气云爆炸模型的研究

医药行业对药品生产的纯度控制相当重要,蒸馏操作是医药行业普遍运用的工艺手段之一.但由于蒸馏工序所涉及的物料常伴随具有较强燃爆性的危险化学品,且闪点以上操作加剧了物料的燃爆危险,因此医药行业蒸馏系统便成了事故多发的工艺单元之一.通过对某公司蒸馏系统的危险性分析,找出了蒸馏系统存在燃爆危险的主要因素,再进一步采用蒸汽云爆炸事故模拟评价方法,结合拉乌尔定律和道尔顿分压定律对该公司蒸馏系统进行安全评价,确定蒸馏系统二元混合物蒸气云爆炸冲击波损害半径.     

SO2排放造成的森林损失计算:以湖南省为例

SO₂排放对我国的森林生态系统造成了严重的损害,因而损失计算对于SO₂控制具有重要意义,但是目前仍缺乏有效的方法计算不同排放水平下的森林损失.本研究以硫沉降超临界负荷作为计算森林损失的参数,推导了适用于我国硫沉降导致森林损失的剂量-响应函数,并以湖南省为例,以1995为基准年,计算了2000年～2020年高中低3种SO₂排放方案下的森林损失.研究结果表明,随着今后湖南省经济和能源消费的增长,森林损失将继续增加.高排放方案下2020年SO₂排放将增长1.2倍,但森林损失增长4.3倍,边际损失高于6000元/t.在当前排放水平下对SO₂排放进行削减,边际效益达到1500元/t,因此控制SO₂具有显著的经济效益.对湖南案例的不确定性分析显示,计算方法有较高的可靠性.研究结果为区域SO₂控制策略的优化提供了支持.