一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法

介绍了一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法。该方法详细阐述了“最坏”事故情景选择、事故后果阈值确定及后果伤害范围划分的方法,以危险源周边人群作为主要脆弱性目标,通过分析事故后果伤害范围和目标的脆弱性级别确定危险源与周边环境的兼容性。另外,以危险品仓储区为例,利用该方法对仓储区可能发生的事故后果影响范围进行计算,对仓储区选址的可行性进行分析。本文提出的重大危险源安全规划方法可为城市土地使用及危险源的安全规划提供参考。     

Welfare states and environmental states: a comparative analysis

A framework is presented for thinking about state intervention in developed capitalist economies in two domains: social policy and environmental policy (and, within that, climate-change policy). Five drivers of welfare state development are identified, the ‘five Is’ of Industrialisation: Interests, Institutions, Ideas/Ideologies, and International Influences. Research applying this framework to the postwar development of welfare states in the OECD is summarised, distinguishing two periods: up to 1980, and from 1980 to 2008. How far this framework can contribute to understanding the rise and differential patterns of environmental governance and intervention across advanced capitalist states since 1970 is explored, before briefly comparing and contrasting the determinants of welfare states and environmental states, identifying common drivers in both domains and regime-specific drivers in each. The same framework is then applied to developments since 2008 and into the near future, sketching two potential configurations and speculating on the conditions for closer, more integrated ‘eco-welfare states’.     

Comparison of Function of Created Wetlands of Two Age Classes in Central Pennsylvania

Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment models were used to assess whether function in created wetlands of two ages (1 year old and >12 years old) was equivalent to that of natural (reference) mainstem floodplain wetlands. Reference wetlands scored higher than both created age classes for providing energy dissipation and short-term surface water storage. Reference wetlands scored higher in maintaining native plant community and structure than 1-year-old sites, and 12-year-old wetlands scored higher than reference sites for providing vertebrate habitat structure. Analysis of individual model variables showed that reference wetlands had greater vegetative biomass and higher soil organic matter content than both created wetland age classes. Created wetlands were farther from natural wetlands and had smaller mean forest patch sizes within a 1-km-radius circle around the site than did the reference sites, indicating less hydrologic connectivity. Created wetlands also had less microtopographic variation than reference wetlands. The 1-year-old created sites were placed in landscape settings with greater land use diversity and road density than reference sites. The 12-year-old sites had a higher gradient and a higher percentage of their surrounding area in urban land use. These results show that the created wetlands were significantly structurally different (if not functionally so) from reference wetlands even after 12 years. The most profound differences were in hydrology and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. More attention needs to be focused on placing created wetlands in appropriate settings to encourage proper hydrodynamics, eliminate habitat fragmentation, and minimize the effects of stressors to the site.     

Assessing the long-term supply risks for mineral raw materials—a combined evaluation of past and future trends

This paper develops a method for identifying and assessing long-term supply risks for mineral raw materials. The method is based on a combined evaluation of past and future supply and demand trends. By analysing raw material boom and bust cycles over the past 50 years, we have quantified indicators and defined benchmarks for identifying critical market situations. By applying the method, risks for supply shortage may be identified at an early stage. In addition, a numerical evaluation model has been developed for better comparison between various mineral raw materials. Compared to other assessment methods this method uses specific benchmarks for each raw material to better assess supply risks. The method is embedded within a systematic and comprehensive analytical approach.     

Adaptive Management of Stream Channel Maintenance at Bridge Crossings in the Northern Tier Region,Pennsylvania1

Abstract: An adaptive management framework is applied to the problem of identifying mitigation measures for sediment deposition near bridge crossings in small streams in the Northern Tier region of northern Pennsylvania. The presence of the rigid bridge infrastructure introduces a challenge for applying adaptive management practices, because the integrity of the bridge structure itself has to be maintained regardless of the mitigation practices used in the stream channel near the bridge. In an effort to overcome the unacceptable risk that field‐scale adaptive management experiments present to rigid bridge infrastructure, an adaptive management approach for laboratory‐scale experimentation of mitigation methods at bridge crossings in the Northern Tier region is presented as a way to decrease the level of uncertainty about channel response to mitigation measures and increase the rate of learning about the effectiveness of these measures. Four cycles of adaptive management experiments are discussed to demonstrate that this approach results in fast and efficient learning about channel response to mitigation methods for the given conditions. The value of monitoring and of assessment of monitored data in the overall efficiency of the adaptive management approach is highlighted. Assessment of what was learned in the adaptive management experiment cycles presented here leads to new directions to continually improve management policies and practices in stream channels at bridge crossings in the Northern Tier region. The adaptive management process, rather than continuing with a normally risk‐averse management approach, results in opportunities for learning new information about a system’s response.     

基于道化法(DOW)的计算机辅助软件开发

传统的评价方法费时费力,效率低下.将计算机技术与评价方法相结合是评价工作发展的趋势.介绍了为世界各国石油化工企业所广为接受的美国道化学公司(DOW)火灾、爆炸危险性指数评价法,以及根据该法的评价思路所开发的辅助软件的设计思路和功能.     

风险管理在水电工程中的应用

水电工程是一个在建设过程中充满风险的、相当复杂的系统工程,其风险管理伴随着工程建设的全过程.随着我国水电工程建设体制改革的进一步深化,风险管理越来越受到工程界的重视.分析了在水电工程中存在的主要危险有害因素,提出了具体的风险管理和评价方法,并对一些主要的评价方法进行了大致的比较,同时对水电工程的风险管理工作提出了一些改进措施.     

化学品危险性鉴别分类研究的现状与展望

从对GHS(化学品分类及标记全球协调制度)化学品危险性鉴别分类的分析出发,归纳和总结了联合国、欧盟、美国以及中国的化学品危险性鉴别分类研究现状;提出化学品危险性鉴别分类是获取化学品安全信息、评估化学品的固有危险性的重要手段;给出化学品危险性鉴别分类试验必须满足OECD(经济合作与发展组织)的各项标准和准则;对化学品危险性鉴别分类的应用前景及未来工作进行评述和展望;指出为化学品安全管理、事故应急救援、事故调查及做好基础数据的积累是今后研究工作的努力方向;提出了借鉴GHS,REACH(化学品注册、评估、许可和限制)等先进化学品安全监管法规,对完善我国的化学品安全监管制度,化学品鉴别分类标准的重要现实意义。     

我国商用厨房火灾危险分析及对策研究

烹饪操作特点及食用油燃烧特性决定了商用厨房火灾呈现的特定危害规律,因此必须采用专门规范和技术加以防治。针对我国商用厨房消防安全现状,分析其火灾危险特点,探讨商用厨房消防监管的不足,在研究商用厨房灭火技术发展的基础上,提出加强商用厨房消防安全和健全商用厨房法规体系的对策及建议,建议从主动灭火和被动防火两方面,完善现有的灭火系统和厨具设备消防安全规范,加强商用厨房本质型消防安全,为通风系统和排油烟系统等火灾高发区域的消防安全提供了新手段。     

成都市土壤天然放射性核素的外照射水平估算研究

利用IED22000A便携式微机多道能谱仪对成都市区土壤的天然放射性核素进行了直接就地测量,估算出天然环境放射性核素^238U、^232Th、^40K的比活度范围分别为10.37～77．19Bq／kg、17,85～225．74Bq／kg、284．83～892．67Bq／kg;外照射指数范围为0．16—0．8;离地面1m高的空气吸收剂量率均值为83．23nGy／h;1外照射年有效剂量当量为0．34～0．70mSv;等效镭浓度的变化范围是59．06-386．45Bq／kg,均值为164．15Bq／kg。各项指标均在容许范围之内,因而成都市属于外照射水平的安全区域,人居环境不受影响。