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In this paper, we study empirically whether uncertainty has an influence on trade in the US sulfur dioxide allowances market.
In particular, we investigate the role of uncertainty on banking behavior. To do this, we introduce a tractable, structural
model of trading permits under uncertainty. The model establishes a relation between banking behavior and risk preferences,
especially prudence in the Kimball (1990) sense. We then test this model using data on allowances, for utilities submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s
Acid Rain Program, carried over from one year to the next. Evidence is found of imprudence, namely, utilities bank permits
in order to favor higher profits. Another finding is that larger utilities do not adopt behavior significantly different from
that of smaller ones.
This paper was presented at the “International Workshop on Uncertainty in Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Verification, Compliance
& Trading” in Warsaw, Poland, September 2004, under the title “Portfolio Management of Emissions Permits and Prudence Behavior.” 相似文献
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William G. Wilber Joseph V. Hunter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(3):790-800
ABSTRACT: A three-year study has been conducted on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this investigation were (1) to provide baseline information on the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River; (2) to qualitatively evaluate which parameters affect this distribution; and (3) to determine the effect of urbanization on the concentration and distribution of these materials. Significant enrichments of several heavy metals were observed in bottom sediments of the lower Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey, as compared to the upper Saddle River. Attempts to correlate metal concentrations in bottom sediments with chemical-oxygen demand were not successful in demonstrating a relationship between these two factors. Metal concentrations were found to be strongly dependent upon particle size. In general, metal concentrations in bottom sediments increased with decreasing partical diameter. However, metals enrichment was observed to be considerably greater in the larger sediment fractions studied (>420μ) than the smaller sediment fractions as one proceeded downstream through the urban area. Since the larger sediment fractions are least effected by scour and transport they may best reflect the effect of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals over an extended period of time at a given location. 相似文献
335.
本文对西部某老工业区土壤中As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、Zn的含量、空间分布状况展开了研究,并依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对该老工业区的健康风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,该老工业区土壤重金属污染严重,6种元素与陕西土壤背景值相比超标100%,表明其不适宜作为居住用地开发。健康风险评价结果显示,As、Pb、Cr、Cd元素的非致癌风险值分别为3.83、1.7、1.94、1.09,均超过非致癌风险可接受值1,表明该老工业区对人们存在非致癌健康风险;对于致癌风险,As、Cr、Cd元素的致癌风险值远大于致癌风险边界值,分别超过致癌风险值的2个数量级(2.64×10-4)、4个数量级(1.94×10-2)、1个数量级(6.12×10-5),表示As和Cr已经达到了显著致癌风险的水平。 相似文献
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铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤、苕子与荠菜的重金属污染特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在云南某铅锌矿冶炼厂周边农田,采集当地主要绿肥(苕子)与野菜(荠菜)的植株和根部土壤样品,测定重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)的全量和DTPA提取的有效态质量比,并进行污染评价.结果表明:1)综合污染指数评价显示,铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤以重度和中度重金属污染为主,Cd质量比为GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》三级标准限值的1.94~8.30倍,污染程度最重,其次为Pb和Zn;2)荠菜植株Pb、Zn和Cd质量比的最大值、平均值均大于苕子;荠菜对Cd的富集系数大于1,对Pb、Zn和Cd的转移系数大于或接近1;3)苕子和荠菜地上部与土壤的Cd、Pb质量比,苕子地下部与土壤的Pb质量比,荠菜地上部与土壤的Zn质量比均呈显著或极显著正相关.研究表明:铅锌冶炼厂周边农田存在严重的重金属污染,Cd是主要污染因子;苕子和荠菜植株重金属质量比高,且荠菜对重金属的富集能力大于苕子. 相似文献
338.
河南省武陟县大田土壤重金属形态分布及潜在生态风险评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了解河南省武陟县大田土壤重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Se、Ni和Co的形态分布和生态风险情况,在该区域采集了12个表层土壤(0~20cm)样品,采用修正的BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,探讨其生物有效性,并采用Hakanson指数法评价了重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,土壤中不同重金属的形态分布差异很大,其中,Cr、As、Ni和Co均主要以残渣态存在,分别占其总量的66.6%、61.4%、50.7%和41.8%;Cu和Se主要以可氧化态存在,分别占其总量的43.8%和67.8%;Pb主要以可还原态存在,占总量的61.1%;Cd主要以酸提取态存在,占总量的53.3%.生物有效性分析表明,Cd的可利用态K1为0.933,生物有效性是最大的,对土壤生态系统的潜在危害性较大,其次是Pb和Co;Cu和Se在土壤环境发生变化时,很容易再次释放到外界环境中;Cr、As和Ni不易被外界生物利用.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,以国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准为参比值时,Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Ni的单项潜在生态风险程度均为轻微,综合潜在生态风险处于轻微等级. 相似文献
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340.
Comparing Green and Grey Infrastructure Using Life Cycle Cost and Environmental Impact: A Rain Garden Case Study in Cincinnati,OH 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Donald Vineyard Wesley W. Ingwersen Troy R. Hawkins Xiaobo Xue Bayou Demeke William Shuster 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(5):1342-1360
Green infrastructure (GI) is quickly gaining ground as a less costly, greener alternative to traditional methods of stormwater management. One popular form of GI is the use of rain gardens to capture and treat stormwater. We used life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts of residential rain gardens constructed in the Shepherd's Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio to those from a typical detain and treat system. LCA is an internationally standardized framework for analyzing the potential environmental performance of a product or service by including all stages in its life cycle, including material extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal. Complementary to the life cycle environmental impact assessment, the life cycle costing approach was adopted to compare the equivalent annual costs of each of these systems. These analyses were supplemented by modeling alternative scenarios to capture the variability in implementing a GI strategy. Our LCA models suggest rain garden costs and impacts are determined by labor requirement; the traditional alternative's impacts are determined largely by the efficiency of wastewater treatment, while costs are determined by the expense of tunnel construction. Gardens were found to be the favorable option, both financially (~42% cost reduction) and environmentally (62‐98% impact reduction). Wastewater utilities may find significant life cycle cost and environmental impact reductions in implementing a rain garden plan. 相似文献