建材工业氟污染控制技术

本文综述了迄今国内外就砖瓦、陶瓷、搪瓷、水泥及玻璃生产等建材工业氟污染的控制技术 ,并重点介绍了德国为控制该类氟污染所采取的措施     

Measurements of carbonyls in a 13-story building

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are emitted by many mobile and stationary sources and secondary aldehydes are intermediates in the photo-oxidation of organic compounds in the atmosphere. These aldehydes are emitted indoors by many materials such as furniture, carpets, heating and cooling systems, an by smoking. Carbonyls, mainly formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, have been studied because of their adverse health effects. In addition, formaldehyde is a suspected carcinogen. Therefore, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were determined to assess the inhalation exposure doses to carbonyls for people who work in a 13-story building and in order to evaluate the cancer hazard. METHODS: Carbonyl compounds in indoor and outdoor air were measured at a 13-story building located in Mexico City. The mezzanine, fifth and tenth floors, and the third level-parking garage were selected for sampling. Samples were collected in two sampling periods, the first from April 20 to 29, 1998 and the second from December 1 to 20, 1998. Carbonyls were sampled by means of DNHP-coated cartridges at a flow rate of 1 l min(-1) from 9:00 to 19:00 hours, during 2-hour time intervals and analyzed by HPLC with hours, during 2-hour time intervals and analyzed by HPLC with UV/VIS detection. RESULTS: Mean carbonyl concentrations were highest in the 3rd level-parking garage, with the formaldehyde concentration being the highest ranging from 108 to 418 microg m(-3). In working areas, the highest carbonyl arithmetic mean concentrations (AM) were observed on the 5th floor. Acetone and formaldehyde concentrations were highest in April ranging from 161 to 348 microg m(-3) (AM = 226) and from 157 to 270 microg m(-3) (AM = 221), respectively. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were present in smaller concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 and 1 to 28 microg m(-3), respectively, considering all the samples. Mean indoor/outdoor ratios of carbonyls ranged from 1.8 to 9.6. A reduction of inhalation exposure doses of 41% and 45% was observed in the fifth floor air after the air conditioning systems had been repaired. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were higher in smoking environments. CONCLUSION: Indoor carbonyl concentrations were significantly greater than outdoor concentrations. Tobacco smoke seems to be the main indoor source of formaldehyde. After the air conditioning system was maintained and repaired (as was recommended), an important reduction in the emission of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was achieved on all floors, except for the 3rd level parking garage, thereby reducing the inhalation exposure doses. RECOMMENDATION: The results obtained in this research demonstrated that maintenance of air conditioning systems must be carried out regularly in order to avoid possible adverse effects on health. Additionally, it is mandatory that isolated smoking areas, with air extraction systems, be installed in every public building.     

建筑垃圾的资源化利用是保护生态的有效途径

对建筑垃圾的成分和特征进行了研究,介绍了国外建筑垃圾管理中资源化利用值得借鉴的经验和方法,分析了国内建筑垃圾资源化的管理体制以及综合利用建筑垃圾的状况.通过分析提出了我国建筑垃圾循环再利用的一些基本对策,并就建筑垃圾资源化与环境保护的关系做了阐述.以资源化再利用为主体的全过程循环模式符合国家产业政策,是今后处理建筑垃圾的发展方向.     

浅谈建筑材料利用与环境保护

建筑材料在取材、生产加工、运输、使用和废弃的过程中,排放出大量废水、废气和废渣,对人类的健康造成威胁,产生有害物质,导致大气、水体和土壤污染.因此要开发与生产资源节约型和环保型建筑材料,制定健全的建材环保法规来保护环境.     

钢结构建筑的消防安全性能化设计——系统方法探析

根据钢结构建筑构件耐火性能的特点，应用建筑防火安全性能化设计系统方法对钢结构建筑发生火灾时热、烟对建筑结构和建筑内人员的影响进行了分析研究，确定了火灾下人员与建筑结构的安全准则。运用FDS4．0对一建筑实例建模，通过模型与建筑实际火灾相似性的计算机数值模拟研究，得出了火灾情况下建筑内的热、烟蔓延情况，同时采用ANSYS8．0分析技术对火灾下钢结构的结构反应进行了研究。以性能化设计系统方法对钢结构建筑发生火灾进行了耐火分析研究，在此基础上给出了定量的分析方法，为钢结构建筑的火灾安全工程设计和应用提供了一种新的技术。     

建筑火灾保险技术进展

本文从火灾保险发展历程出发，阐述了进行火灾风险评估的必要性。概述了火灾风险评估的概念的内涵，介绍了国内外较新的火灾风险评估方法，然后对火灾风险评估现状进行了总结；重点叙述了火灾损失评估技术发展情况，并提出了当前急需开展火灾机理和预防措施研究，火灾损失率的数学期望和方差的确定等研究的方向。     

建筑火灾烟气运动数值模拟方法的回顾与评价

系统地介绍了建筑火灾烟气运动的各种数值模拟方法。将收集到的59种建筑火灾模型分为4大类，包括9种网络模型、32种区域模型、15种场模型及3种复合模型；从理论角度阐述了各类模型的计算方法，着重介绍了其中有代表性的几个模型；提出复合模型是未来模型的发展方向。为初涉建筑火灾烟气运动数值模拟的研究人员提供了思路。     

大空间内机械排烟效果的实验研究

在一个全尺寸的大空间火灾实验厅内,进行了不同补风口位置和补风口面积下的机械排烟试验.结果表明,由于烟气的温度较低,烟气和补充的空气较易混合,烟气和空气在交界处存在着较强的质量交换.排烟过程中,烟气是边稀释边被排放,很难和空气实现完全置换.低温烟气进行机械排烟时,区域模拟思想不适用,较难将烟气控制在理论高度.补气口位置和面积对烟气排放及火源燃烧状况具有一定的影响.     

用于智能建筑的环境安全监控系统

本论述了基于3c技术(控制技术、计算机技术、通信技术)的智能建筑安全监测控制的发展趋势，并介绍了作设计的智能建筑(智能小区)的环境安全监控系统。该系统是基于Lonworks现场总线技术的DCS系统，实现智能建筑中的温湿度、各种可燃性、有毒性气体以及火灾的监测控制和报警输出。     

基于热解动力学的有限空间轰燃预测模型

对建筑物中常见的几种可燃物：塑料、硬纸板、布料、三合板、木板等，进行了热解实验，给出了其失重曲线，并导出了热解反应动力学参数——活化能E和频率因子A。建立了基于热解动力学方程和特征浓度的有限空间轰燃预测模型，并给出了计算实例。