高层建筑人员竖向疏散途径选择特性调查研究

高层建筑人员竖向疏散途径选择与人的生理特征、文化背景、行为习惯等人员特征密切相关,因此开展针对我国高层建筑人员疏散途径选择特征的数据采集和分析工作十分重要。设计并开展了高层建筑竖向疏散途径选择的问卷调查。对人员在日常和紧急条件下高层建筑竖向疏散途径的选择进行了统计分析,分别针对距离因素、排队因素、群体因素影响的不同条件下人员选择电梯进行上下楼层的期望值进行了对比分析。利用Pearson相关性检验和多重对应分析方法,保障电梯疏散可行前提下,研究了人员性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、身型特征、生理和心理状态、日常行为习惯等人员特征因素和竖向疏散途径选择之间的相关关系。     

沉积物中六氯苯对摇蚊幼虫的慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)幼虫为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对其28 d的慢性毒性效应,观察摇蚊幼虫的存活情况和活动行为,以死亡率、羽化率和羽化时间为受试终点,计算28 d试验后沉积物中HCB对摇蚊的半数致死浓度(lethal concentration 50,LC50)以及50%羽化时间(50%emergence time,EmT50)。结果表明,HCB对摇蚊28 d的LC50为59.8 mg·kg-1,对摇蚊羽化率的半数效应浓度(half maximal effective concentration,EC50)为59.8 mg·kg-1。与大多数污染物不同,HCB有促进摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为和羽化的作用,随着HCB染毒浓度升高,摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为加强,EmT50缩短。暴露于高浓度HCB(21.6 mg·kg-1)时,摇蚊的EmT50与对照相比明显缩短,尤其对雄性摇蚊影响更大。但与对照相比,HCB对羽化摇蚊的性别比没有很大影响。     

Nation‐building policies in Timor‐Leste: disaster risk reduction,including climate change adaptation

Few studies have explored the relationships between nation‐building, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Focusing on small island developing states, this paper examines nation‐building in Timor‐Leste, a small island developing state that recently achieved independence. Nation‐building in Timor‐Leste is explored in the context of disaster risk reduction, which necessarily includes climate change adaptation. The study presents a synopsis of Timor‐Leste's history and its nation‐building efforts as well as an overview of the state of knowledge of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation. It also offers an analysis of significant gaps and challenges in terms of vertical and horizontal governance, large donor presence, data availability and the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation for nation‐building in Timor‐Leste. Relevant and applicable lessons are provided from other small island developing states to assist Timor‐Leste in identifying its own trajectory out of underdevelopment while it builds on existing strengths.     

Environmental protection by utilization of the slag from magnesium production in building materials

This paper presents the results of research on the utilization of slag produced as the waste material of metallic magnesium production. This material is a fine powder with a high magnesium content. The characterization of slag was performed by XRD, DTA and TG analysis. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of slag were also determined. By using a mixture this slag and limestone aggregate, it is possible to obtain dry mortar which, mixed with water, gives a material fully satisfying for plastering mortar. By adding inorganic pigments (Fe₂O₃, Ca₂O3, etc.) decorative mortars are obtained, and when they are spread over the foundation made of brick or concrete, they retain their colour on the entire coating and surface of the mortar.     

Managing natural resources with eco-friendly technologies for sustainable rural development: a case of Garhwal Himalaya

Traditional Central Himalaya societies face a range of socio-economic and environmental problems. The potential of science and technology has not yet been adequately and appropriately harnessed to overcome the development constraints posed by the fragile Himalayan environment. Thus there is a need for large-scale establishment of technology resource centers. The Garhwal Unit of GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development established rural technology demonstration and training centers in three different agroecological zones between 550 and 2200 m asl and in 13–15 locations, with suitable technologies based on appropriate use and management of locally available bio-resources that ensure people participation. About 35 on-site training courses were organised for about 2329 participants. The participants were given on-site demonstrations, training and technical know-how on various technologies, to enable farmers to better understand problems faced during implementation of new technologies for sustainable management of natural resources. An action research framework and training manuals were also developed in consideration of local socio-economic condition. The documentation and analysis of research (quantitative and qualitative) and data related to cost–benefit analysis of the technologies adopted by farmers generated through this study has created wider sharing of farmer training outputs, at farm level, amongst the scientific communities and with policy planners.     

Free or low-cost geoinformatics for disaster management: Uses and availability issues

The disaster management applications of geographical information systems and remote sensing are examined relative to the disaster cycle, in pre-disaster, crisis and post-disaster contexts. We focus on the uses and limitations of free or low-cost data and software. A wide range of geospatial datasets are currently freely available, from digital elevation models (DEMs) and thematic digital maps, to multispectral satellite imagery and virtual globes, such as Bing Maps. Maps of hazardous terrain and vulnerable features can be derived from sets of satellite data such as shuttle radar topography mission DEMs and Landsat imagery. The derived maps are particularly useful for district scale (1:25 to 1:100 K) disaster management in low-income countries. Detailed maps (i.e. better than 1:25 K scale) of hazardous terrain and vulnerable features generally require expensive high-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photography.

Although the Internet allows the distribution of free or low-cost geospatial data, software and training materials, there are still some countries with limited Internet access. Data integration, spatial/temporal analysis and map production are also limited by the frequently high price of geoinformatic software, making it a priority to develop suitable Free and Open-Source Software.     

Disaster risk reduction and the evolution of physical development regulation

In 1984 the Mitigation Implementation Conference recognized the need for effective management of urban development in terms of building standards and land-use zonation. In the intervening 25 years, significant progress has been made in the development of building codes and hazard mapping for disaster risk reduction; however, the failure to promulgate, implement and enforce regulation of development has resulted in the dramatic expansion of exposure and risk. It is now necessary to re-assess regulatory policy and practice. New approaches to regulatory compliance must be explored, including participatory regulation and reliance on cultural and religious bases for individual commitment to community safety.     

高层建筑外立面U型结构火蔓延特性数值模拟研究

对高层建筑外立面U型结构竖直火蔓延特性影响进行了数值模拟研究,给出了火蔓延速度、热释放速率、火蔓延温度特性等参数.研究发现U型结构竖直火蔓延是一个加速燃烧的过程,当U型结构的结构因子α在0.4和1.6之间时,其火蔓延速度随着α的增加而增加,这是由于在燃烧过程中U型结构会产生烟囱效应,其强度随着U型结构结构因子的增大而增大,烟囱效应的增强加速了火蔓延过程.     

基于BP神经网络的绿色建筑评价

绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内,最大限度地节约资源,保护环境和减少污染,为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间,与自然和谐共生。根据绿色建筑的特点,确立绿色建筑评价指标体系,并运用管理理论中的层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价方法(Fuzzy),提出了人工神经网络(ANN)评价模型。评估结果表明,该评价体系用于绿色建筑等级综合评价是快速、有效的。     

高层住宅建筑火灾人员疏散仿真研究

基于高层建筑火灾的严重危害,本文在具体分析阐述我国目前高层住宅建筑的户型设计现状后,以长沙市某高层塔式住宅建筑为研究对象,利用人员疏散软件Building EXODUS(V4.06版)和烟气模拟软件CFAST对发生火灾后建筑物的人员疏散和烟气流动情况仿真模拟。研究表明,逃生楼梯的设计位置对高层塔式住宅的人员疏散效率影响较大;在发生紧急情况后,事前是否进行过疏散演习和事中的人工干预引导疏散对保障高层住宅建筑火灾居民的生命安全尤为重要;高层住宅建筑火灾,起火楼层越底,伤亡越大。