Determining indoor air quality and identifying the origin of odour episodes in indoor environments

A methodology for identifying volatile organic compounds (VOC) and determining air quality of indoor air has been developed. The air samples are collected using pump samplers by the inhabitants when they perceive odorous and/or discomfort episodes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes are connected to the pump samplers for the retention of VOC. The analysis is performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This methodology can be applied in cases of sick building syndrome (SBS) evaluation, in which building occupants experience a series of varied symptoms that appear to be linked to time spent in the building. Chemical pollutants concentrations (e.g., VOC) have been described to contribute to SBS. To exemplify the methodology, a qualitative determination and an evaluation of VOC present were performed in a dwelling where the occupants experienced the SBS symptoms. Higher total VOC (TVOC) value was detected in episodes in indoor air (1.33 ( 1.53 mg/m3) compared to outdoor air (0.71 ( 0.46 mg/m3). The concentrations of individual VOCs, such as ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, 1-butanol, acetic acid, acetonitrile and 1-metoxy-2-propanol, were also higher than the expected for a standard dwelling. The external source of VOC was found to be a not declared activity of storage and manipulation of solvents located at the bottom of a contiguous building.     

浅析加强基层环保能力建设

围绕环境监察队伍执法能力和环境应急能力等关键问题,结合基层环境监察工作的经验,提出了加强环保能力建设的对策。     

内蒙古自治区应急监测预警体系建设思路

随着内蒙古自治区经济的飞速发展,带来了一系列的环境风险问题。自治区也应该建立与之相配套的应急监测预警体系,本文着重介绍了该体系建设的相关内容。     

工业园区的环境管理

为适应经济发展和城市功能区调整的需要,工业园区成为近年来工业发展的的一种新型的产业集群模式。随着工业园区的发展,工业园区的环境管理问题日益突出,本文从环境管理的形成及基本特征入手,分析了工业园区的环境管理中出现的问题并提出相应的解决对策,为园区管理构建科学的管理体系,促进工业园区的科学发展。     

Perspectives on social capacity building for natural hazards: outlining an emerging field of research and practice in Europe

Social capacity building for natural hazards is a topic increasingly gaining relevance not only for so-called developing countries but also for European welfare states which are continuously challenged by the social, economic and ecological impacts of natural hazards. Following an outline of recent governance changes with regard to natural hazards, we develop a heuristic model of social capacity building by taking into account a wide range of existing expertise from different fields of research. Particular attention is paid to social vulnerability and its assessment, as well as to risk communication and risk education as specific strategies of social capacity building. We propose to distinguish between interventionist and participatory approaches, thus enabling for a better understanding of existing practices of social capacity building as well as their particular strengths and weaknesses. By way of conclusion, we encourage more research on social capacity building for natural hazards in the European context which at present is highly diverse and, at least in parts, only poorly investigated.     

电站运营对北溪下游水质影响探讨及改进建议

通过对利水电站坝上、坝下布设监测断面,进行为期近一个月的枯水期水质监测,分析上下游水质的变化以期对梯级电站的建设与运营对北溪下游水质的影响进行研究,认为梯级电站的建设运行,形成梯级水库,流速变缓,大气覆氧能力降低,水中溶解氧下降,导致水体自净能力减弱,使水环境容量降低,对污染物的稀释、混合和降解能力减弱,湖库富营养化是水库的主要生态环境问题。为此,提出污染防治对策,并提出当上游污染水团下泄时,作为补救和改善水质时电站应采取的运行方式,为今后河流的突发污染防治、水质保护与改善提供经验借鉴。     

北戴河历史风貌建筑的保护与利用

结合北戴河近代建筑保护规划研究,从建筑特点、街区布局特色、建筑生存环境、保护性利用实施策略等几方面,探讨了历史风貌建筑的保护规划与更新利用的基本思路和方法。     

基于能力谱的地震建筑破坏造成人员伤亡评估

为准确计算地震导致的人员伤亡数量,提高灾后应急保障及救援效率,根据能力谱方法计算建筑物的损坏程度,在此基础上计算相应人员伤亡数量。采用SELENA软件中能力谱方法的计算公式,利用Matlab软件编程得到建筑物破坏及人员伤亡计算程序,计算8度地震条件下建筑物不同破坏状态的概率。根据HAZUS软件中建筑物破坏和人员伤亡关系,计算地震发生在02∶00,14∶00和17∶00时不同伤亡等级的伤亡人数。计算结果表明,多数伤者为轻伤,只需基本药物及简单治疗;地震导致的钢筋混凝土建筑破坏是造成人员伤亡的主要原因;能力谱方法可为震后物质配置及震前防灾规划提供决策支持。     

公众聚集场所火灾疏散性能化分析方法研究

针对公众聚集场所人员密集的特点和现行规范适用上的局限性问题,本文就公众聚集场所火灾条件下的人员疏散性能化分析方法进行研究,构建了以安全疏散为主线的性能化分析技术体系,确定了保障人员生命安全的总体目标和人员安全疏散的性能指标可接受阈值。通过火灾场景设计和烟气蔓延模型的运用,归纳总结可用疏散时间的计算模型;通过分析现有疏散需要时间计算模型的不足,提出利用当量疏散速度解决疏散模型中火灾对疏散过程影响的问题。研究结果对建筑火灾疏散安全性分析具有重要的指导意义,为我国的安全疏散性能化分析方法体系的建立和应用提供参考。     

基于集对分析法的建筑物火灾危险性评价

建筑物是一个集人员与财产于一体的系统,一旦发生火灾,后果不堪设想。介绍了集对分析的基本理论,并将其引入建筑物火灾危险性评价中。在不考虑系统指标权重与考虑系统指标权重条件下,讨论了建筑物火灾危险性评价步骤。同时,将建筑物火灾危险性的评价结果与集对势相结合来判断建筑物火灾危险性态势。结果表明,某建筑物在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种条件下均处于“一般安全”等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,两种情况的态势均属于微同势,也说明了该建筑物需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,从而避免火灾事故的发生。