试论环境犯罪中因果关系的确立原则

修订后的《刑法》在环境刑事立法上虽有重大发展，但摁环境犯罪的特殊性而使传统的刑法因果关系理论受到冲击，新因果关系确立原则－因果关系推定原则应运而生。我国应以最高人民法院发布司法解释的形式确立因果关系推定原则，将其适用于污染环境的犯罪行为和部分破坏环境的犯罪行为的因果关系确立中。     

赣南地区钨矿找矿史回顾及新一轮钨矿找矿思考

江西南部是驰名中外的黑钨矿富集区,不但黑钨矿储量之丰、品位之富、矿床之密集享誉世界,而且钨矿找矿理论与方法也为世界一流水平。本文首先简要回顾赣南钨矿勘查历史,概括第一轮钨矿找矿三大重要理论成果:一是标志带深部找矿;二是“数大脉”的就矿找矿;三是“探边摸底”发现岩体型钨矿;其次近年来在继承和发展上述理论成果基础上,取得的新增资源量与新发现矿产地,以及矿化新类型等重大进展。藉此,反映以往理论成果在新一轮钨矿找矿中的作用,证明赣南新一轮找钨矿的巨大潜力,并提出今后钨矿找矿方向和找矿方法,即三大主要思路:一是集中在“五大”钨矿找矿远景区,借助有利的找矿线索,运用“五层楼” “地下室”模式向老矿区外围、深部拓展找矿空间;二是不断开拓思路、扩大视野,通过“破碎蚀变岩型”等新类型钨矿找矿的突破,开辟新的找矿远景区或靶区;三是经过进一步探索,争取形成一套适用于该区钨矿找矿的快速评价方法,包括地球化学模型、模式类比等。     

历史传染病疫情的环境与气候特征初探及对新冠肺炎疫情的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情的暴发与流行对人类社会安全造成严重危害,同时也考验着世界各国公共卫生系统应对大型突发性传染病的防控能力.对历史传染病疫情暴发和流行的环境与气候特征进行总结,对于新冠肺炎疫情的科学研究及防控具有重要的参考价值.结果表明:①历史上人际传播的冠状病毒科、正粘病毒科传染病多暴发于北半球亚热带季风气候地区及冬春季节,而黄病毒科传染病多暴发在热带地区及高温多雨的夏秋季节.②全球变暖和极端天气催生影响传染病的暴发及传播.③人类对生态系统平衡的影响,迫使病毒宿主栖息地迁移和不同病毒宿主聚集,增加病毒变异概率和传染病暴发风险.在此基础上,提出了对新冠肺炎疫情的思考,认为适宜的气候因素可能利于疫情的暴发与流行,而热带国家疫情的暴发则说明需要重新审视气候、环境条件及生态因素对新型冠状病毒的影响.研究结果将为新冠肺炎疫情的防控和未来传染病疫情的预测及阻断提供参考和借鉴.      

百年来北方湖泊沉积物PAHs的变化特征及其对人类活动的响应

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变性和生物累积效应,在社会引起了广泛关注.鉴于我国北方地区湖泊众多,且受人为活动影响日益加剧,收集了我国北方30个湖泊沉积物中的PAHs数据,分析了 PAHs的历史变化、空间分布和生态风险,阐述了 PAHs对人为排放和削减措施的响应.结果表明,北方湖泊沉积物中ω(PAHs)在18...     

中国沿海风暴潮灾害的历史变化及未来趋向

中国是全球少数几个同时受台风风暴潮和温带风暴潮危害的国家之一,风暴潮灾一年四季,从面到北均可发生,本文基于中国沿海近５０年风暴潮灾时间变化和空间分布特点的分析,着重探讨了近５００年全国及长江、黄河、珠江三角洲的历史记录和近５０年实测风暴潮灾发生频次的变化及其与气候波动的关系,并对未来全球变化背景下,中国沿海风暴潮灾的变化趋向进行了讨论。结果表明：近５００年来,中国沿海的风暴潮灾的气温较高的偏暖时段     

松花江鱼体中重金属的富集及污染评价

为研究松花江鱼类重金属的污染现状,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了松花江鱼体中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,利用F732-V型测汞仪测定了Hg含量,并采用均值型综合污染指数法对重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,松花江鱼体中重金属含量从高到低依次为Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cd,其中,Cu、Zn含量在第二松花江和干流江段的差异不大,Pb和Hg含量在第二松花江江段明显高于干流江段,而Cd含量在干流江段相对较高。不同鱼类体内重金属含量差异较大,除Zn以外,其他4种重金属在肉食性鱼类体内的含量均高于杂食性和植食性鱼类。2006年监测结果表明,松花江鱼体中Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd含量均较低,其污染状况较20世纪90年代已明显好转,但Pb污染程度却在不断加剧,并且受Pb污染的影响,松花江鱼类重金属的综合污染程度较高,特别是第二松花江江段已达到重污染水平。     

优化布点中模式计算结合历史数据估算的分析方法及研究

随着城市建设发展,城市建成区不断扩大,在空气质量监测中,旧的城区监测点位很难准确反映新的区域内的空气质量时空变化,文章尝试在新的发展区建立一个数学模型,预测新区域内有代表性的某一特征监测点浓度,与旧城区监测点位优选点共同构成整个区域的空气质量监测系统。     

河南省城市酸雨状况及其成因分析

通过河南省城市酸雨普查的监测数据结果的统计分析,阐述了河南省城市酸雨污染现状,分析了其酸雨变化规律,对主要成因进行了初步探讨。     

Factors contributing to serious and fatal injuries in belted rear seat occupants in frontal crashes

Abstract

Objectives: Earlier research has shown that the rear row is safer for occupants in crashes than the front row, but there is evidence that improvements in front seat occupant protection in more recent vehicle model years have reduced the safety advantage of the rear seat versus the front seat. The study objective was to identify factors that contribute to serious and fatal injuries in belted rear seat occupants in frontal crashes in newer model year vehicles.

Methods: A case series review of belted rear seat occupants who were seriously injured or killed in frontal crashes was conducted. Occupants in frontal crashes were eligible for inclusion if they were 6 years old or older and belted in the rear of a 2000 or newer model year passenger vehicle within 10 model years of the crash year. Crashes were identified using the 2004–2015 National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) and included all eligible occupants with at least one Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3 or greater injury. Using these same inclusion criteria but split into younger (6 to 12 years) and older (55+ years) cohorts, fatal crashes were identified in the 2014–2015 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and then local police jurisdictions were contacted for complete crash records.

Results: Detailed case series review was completed for 117 rear seat occupants: 36 with Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 3+ injuries in NASS-CDS and 81 fatalities identified in FARS. More than half of the injured and killed rear occupants were more severely injured than front seat occupants in the same crash. Serious chest injury, primarily caused by seat belt loading, was present in 22 of the injured occupants and 17 of the 37 fatalities with documented injuries. Nine injured occupants and 18 fatalities sustained serious head injury, primarily from contact with the vehicle interior or severe intrusion. For fatal cases, 12 crashes were considered unsurvivable due to a complete loss of occupant space. For cases considered survivable, intrusion was not a large contributor to fatality.

Discussion: Rear seat occupants sustained serious and fatal injuries due to belt loading in crashes in which front seat occupants survived, suggesting a discrepancy in restraint performance between the front and rear rows. Restraint strategies that reduce loading to the chest should be considered, but there may be potential tradeoffs with increased head excursion, particularly in the absence of rear seat airbags. Any new restraint designs should consider the unique needs of the rear seat environment.