A LANDSCAPE‐BASED APPROACH TO ESTIMATE RIPARIAN HYDROLOGICAL AND NITRATE REMOVAL FUNCTIONS1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates a conceptual model developed for riparian zones in Ontario, Canada, that links landscape hydrogeological characteristics to riparian ground water hydrology and nitrate removal efficiency. Data from a range of riparian sites in the United States and Europe suggest that the riparian zone types identified in the model are consistent with patterns of riparian hydrology and nitrate flux and removal in many humid temperate landscapes. These data also support the view that a riparian width of less than 20 m is often sufficient for effective nitrate removal unless riparian sediments are coarse grained or nitrate transport occurs mainly in surface‐fed ground water seeps. This study assesses the possibility of using topographic, soil, surficial geology, and vegetation maps to determine landscape attributes linked by the model to riparian zone hydrological functioning and nitrate removal efficiency. Although mappable data can help in determining broad classes of riparian zones, field visits are necessary to determine non‐mappable riparian attributes such as seeps, organic horizons, and permeable sediment depth in the riparian zone. This research suggests that the conceptual model could be used for landscape management purposes in most temperate landscapes with minor modifications and that the hydrological component of the model could be adapted for contaminants other than nitrate.     

ASSESSMENT OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN AN UNCONFINED ALLUVIAL AQUIFER NEAR GRAND ISLAND,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: A method is presented to analyze time-drawdown data from one or more observation wells for the calculation of four hydraulic parameters for unconfined aquifers: vertical hydraulic conductivity, horizontal hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, and specific yield. The hydraulic parameter results are further analyzed for reliability and the possible ranges of the actual parameter values. After verification using a theoretical example, the method was used to analyze pumping test data from 22 observation wells in an unconfined alluvial aquifer near Grand Island, Nebraska. Results indicate that this method can be used to efficiently calculate the four hydraulic parameters in this type of aquifer. The method can also identify the impact of measurement errors on the parameter estimates, and provide ranges of the actual parameter values. The parameter values calculated using this method were compared to those determined using other theories. It is found that this method is very useful for calculating the hydraulic properties from pumping test data and for analyzing the parameter reliability.     

基于主成分分析与Fisher判别分析法的矿井突水水源识别方法

为有效地预防矿井突水事故,及早识别突水水源是关键工作之一。根据矿井各含水层水化学成分的差异性,选取7种水化学成分指标作为突水水源识别的样本变量。在此基础上,采用主成分分析(PCA)与Fisher判别分析相结合的方法建立突水水源判别模型。以新庄孜煤矿不同水层的水化学特征资料中的33个为学习样本,12个为预测样本,对该模型进行检验和应用,并与传统Fisher判别分析模型的结果进行比较。研究结果表明:利用PCA与Fisher突水水源判别模型能够有效地消除样本变量指标间的相互影响,使突水水源判别结果更加准确。     

水岩化学作用对斜坡水文地质及滑坡的影响

在温湿气候区，水岩化学作用对岩质斜坡的水文地质演化及失稳一夷平进程具有重要的控制作用。从地表到新鲜岩体，随着水岩化学作用程度的逐渐减弱，斜坡剖面可依次划分为土层、腐岩带和风化岩带，各带之间多是渐变过渡的。土层多由枯枝落叶层和土壤层组成，有时底部含有残坡积物；腐岩是由岩浆岩、沉积岩或变质岩经等容风化形成的风化软岩；风化岩带是腐岩带的前身，其特征是含有较高数量的核心石。斜坡垂向分带主要是地下水引起的，而这种分带反过来又会强烈影响地下水自身的埋藏与分布。土层可贮存上层滞水，风化岩带则可赋存潜水或承压水。上层滞水是浅层滑坡的主要控制因素。由于形成条件宽松，但规模不大，上层滞水控制的滑坡灾害多具群发性特点，同时，由于其含水介质为松散土体，失稳含水层很容易转化为泥石流。降雨期间，风化岩带内潜水水位上升甚至承压，导致岩体抗剪强度降低并诱发深层滑坡。