不同植被恢复模式下土壤微生物及酶活性的比较--以嘉陵江上游地区为例

研究了嘉陵江上游退耕还林区内5种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质。结果表明：①5种植被恢复模式土壤微生物数量、酶活性以及有机质、全氮含量等均明显高于无植被对照;②不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物总数：火烧迹地灌丛﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松×刺槐混交林﹥青冈林﹥湿地松﹥对照地;③不同植被恢复模式下土壤酶活性不同,表层土壤脲酶活性：火烧迹地灌丛﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松﹥混交林﹥对照地,蔗糖酶（转化酶）：火烧迹地灌丛﹥湿地松﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥混交林﹥对照地,过氧化氢酶活性各林分间变化不明显。     

导线覆冰大跨越输电塔-线体系动力特性分析

大跨越输电塔-线体系对导线覆冰等环境荷载反应敏感,容易发生动态倒塌破坏。目前对线路覆冰下输电塔的振动问题虽然取得了一定的研究成果,但是线路覆冰下输电塔的动力特性规律尚需进一步研究。本文以实际工程为例,建立了大跨越输电塔-线体系数值分析模型,分析了导线划分精度对输电塔-线体系动力特性的影响,并在此基础上分析了导线覆冰对输电塔-线体系动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:导线划分精度对输电塔振动影响较大;导线覆冰不仅影响输电塔振动频率,而且对输电塔振型也有较大影响,尤其是对输电塔横担的振动影响更大。     

GIS支持下的小尺度土地驱动力研究--以宜兴市湖滏小流域为例

为了能够建立土地演化的模拟模型，在ARCINFO中的GRID模块的支持下，对宜兴市湖滏小流域的土地驱动力进行了探讨，建立了以像元为单位的属性数据库，并随机选取了600个样点。分析则采用了LOGISTIC模型，探讨了社会经济因子与土地类型转移概率间的关系，揭示了任意两个土地类型相互转换的驱动力及整个地区的土地变化驱动力。最后讨论了该模型模拟预测时的局限性，说明其不是合适的模拟模型，而仅是分析土地驱动力较好工具。这种分析是进一步用概率方式逐个模拟地块(patch)演化的基础，因而具有一定的现实意义。     

GM Crops: Patently Wrong?

This paper focuses on the ethical justifiability of patents on Genetically Modified (GM) crops. I argue that there are three distinguishing features of GM crops that make it unethical to grant patents on GM crops, even if we assume that the patent system is in general justified. The first half of the paper critiques David Resnik’s recent arguments in favor of patents on GM crops. Resnik argues that we should take a consequentialist approach to the issue, and that the best way to do so is to apply the Precautionary Principle, and that the Precautionary Principle, in this case, supports patents on GM crops. I argue that his argument in favor of a consequentialist treatment is invalid; his Precautionary Principle in any case appears to be incompatible with consequentialism; and his conception of reasonable precautions is too ill-defined to have any argumentative purchase. In the second half of the paper, I argue against GM crop patents, on three grounds. First, there is insufficient evidence to say whether allowing patents on GM crops will make research go faster than not having patents, whilst there is a good reason to think that, other things being equal, a society that allows patents on GM crops will be less just than one that does not. Second, even assuming that patents on GM crops will increase the pace of GM crop research, there is no social need to do so. Third, patents on GM crops will frequently have ethically unacceptable side effects.     

基于国家经济安全视角的知识产权审查机制研究

结合知识产权现有的实践活动,结合中国的行政程序,提出了知识产权审查机制的基本框架,实现了知识产权审议的基本程序和开展重大经济活动的一般程序的有机融合。在该基础上,对重大经济活动知识产权审查机制的管理模式进行了概念设计,为构建和完善知识产权审查机制提供了有益的参考。     

国有高新技术企业核心资源安全策略研究

市场经济条件下,任何企业在运营中都存在着风险,高新技术企业面临的环境更具动态性和复杂性,其面对的运营风险也更为复杂。由于国有高新技术企业在资源获取、经营管理方面所具有的特殊性,其知识产权、企业文化、人才等核心资源已成为国有高新技术企业安全运营、保持持续竞争优势的必要条件,因此,针对国有高新技术企业现状,笔者围绕人力资源、知识产权、企业文化3方面的安全问题进行研讨,并提出相应的策略即包括实行知识产权保护制度、构建以人为本的企业文化、防止人才流失的管理层收购和股票期权策略。     

方钢管混凝土框架加固后的非线性有限元分析——受低周反复荷载作用

建立了加固后损伤方钢管混凝土框架的三维非线性有限元分析模型，用以研究该框架在低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能。该模型考虑了钢与混凝土的黏滑作用。通过与损伤方钢管混凝土框架加固后的结构在低周反复荷载作用下滞回曲线和刚度退化曲线的对比表明，计算结果较为精确，该模型可以应用于方钢管混凝土框架的结构分析中。同时由试验和有限元分析计算的结果可知，损伤方钢管混凝土框架结构加固后，具有较好的抗震性能。     

改性粉煤灰处理制革废水试验研究

本试验利用硫酸溶液对粉煤灰进行踟陛，研究了改性粉煤灰对制革废水的处理效果及其影响因素。试验结果表明，经酸处理后的改性粉煤灰对制革废水具有较好的处理效果。     

环境成本的内在化问题

环境成本是指人类经济活动引起的环境损失。主流经济学认为，外部性与产权是产生环境污染的经济根源，减少环境成本的实质是通过一定的手段将环境成本内在化。不同的治理手段具有不同的治理成本，一般而言，经济手段具有更高的经济效率和较低的成本，但管制手段也有其存在的意义。解决我国的环境成本问题需要树立生态经济协调发展模式，让企业成为污染治理的主体，建立环境补偿机制等。     

Land Cover and Use Changes in Relation to the Institutional Framework and Tenure of Land and Resources in Eastern Tanzania Miombo Woodlands

In Tanzania, well-defined land tenure and resource protection apply in forest reserves which account for 30% of forested land, while the remaining 70% (mostly miombo woodlands) are village and general lands with very limited protection. The aim of this study was to determine local peoples ownership rights, knowledge and institutional capacity for sustainable management of resources in forest reserves and general lands. Data were collected using participatory rural appraisal, structured and semi-structured interviews, as well as aerial photographs and landsat images. In general lands, woodlands declined by 50% between 1964 and 1996, bushlands and croplands increased by 599%, and settlements and homegardens increased by 277%. These land use and vegetation structure changes are attributed to harvesting for charcoal production and shifting cultivation. The continued decline in aerial woodland cover in the general lands suggests that common property regimes do not function in the area. Local institutional capacities are weak in enforcing control mechanisms to check the overuse of resources, which tends to approximate open access conditions. The issues of land tenure and village empowerment are not only institutional, but also political in nature. Government institutions should provide and motivate for an enabling environment, including acknowledgement of traditional knowledge, well-defined property rights and operational village by-laws. In order to ensure equity and sustainable development of natural resources, the paradigm shift in management is important whereby communal goods are to be managed for the benefit of the local society.