PACS的结构特征及絮凝性能研究

制备了碱化度及Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比不同的系列ＰＡＣＳ，分别进行常压（干燥温度１０５℃）及真空干燥（真空度为－０．０９８ＭＰａ、干燥温度６５℃）制备固体产品。用红外光谱及Ｘ－射线衍射谱研究了碱化度、Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比、干燥温度对ＰＡＣＳ的结构影响，比较了干燥温度不同对ＰＡＣＳ固体样品的溶解度及絮凝效果的影响，借助于显微电泳测定技术研究不同碱化度及不同Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的受热特性

研究了飞灰重金属在不同煅烧温度下的挥发情况及其存在形态.结果表明:重金属挥发能力由强到弱依次为Hg＞Pb＞As、Cd＞Zn＞Cr、Ni、Cu;其中Hg、Pb、As和Cd属易挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃时几乎全部挥发;Zn属较易挥发重金属,1 150 ℃时的挥发率在40%～50%;Cr、Ni和Cu属难挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃的挥发率不超过10%;在400～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高,部分Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni和As由可溶态向残渣态、铁锰氧化态转化;在400～900 ℃,随温度的升高Cr可溶态比例减少,而在900～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高其可溶态比例增加.     

交联壳聚糖对重金属离子的吸附性能研究

以海蟹壳为原料制备的壳聚糖在碱性条件下,经环氧氯丙烷交联制得水不溶性的交联壳聚糖,采用静态法研究交联壳聚糖对Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｃｒ＾３＋,Ｎｉ＾２＋,Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｈｇ＾２＋等几种重金属离子的吸附性能及ｐＨ值对吸附性能的影响,探讨了它们的作用机理。     

Ti-Zn催化剂合成及降解卷烟厂蒸叶废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶与水热相结合的方法合成了Ti-Zn复合催化剂,借助XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis等多种技术对其进行了表征,并将其用于卷烟厂蒸叶废水的光催化处理,考察了Ti-Zn比及投放量对催化剂光催化活性的影响规律。XRD分析表明,复合催化剂X射线衍射谱图中出现锐钛矿相TiO2的特征衍射峰,说明复合催化剂中的Ti以TiO2晶体形式存在,但谱图中并没有出现ZnO的特征衍射峰;UV-Vis吸收光谱表明,复合催化剂相比纳米TiO2其在紫外光区的吸收增强,即复合催化剂对光具有更高的利用率,但Ti-Zn比对复合催化剂吸收光谱影响不大。光催化实验表明,Ti-Zn复合催化剂的光催化活性明显高于纳米TiO2催化剂,且其光催化活性与Ti-Zn比及催化剂投放量有关,随着掺杂量及投放量的增加光催化活性均表现出了先增后降的变化趋势,当Ti-Zn比为10:1(摩尔比),投放量为1000mg/L左右时Ti-Zn复合催化剂对卷烟厂蒸叶废水表现出了较好的处理效果,废水COD去除率达到76.7%。     

不锈钢渣资源利用特性与重金属污染风险

研究了2种不锈钢渣——电炉(EAF)钢渣和转炉(AOD)钢渣可资源化利用和重金属污染特性.结果表明:2种钢渣的粒径主要分布于小于5 mm的范围内;EAF钢渣的主要元素(w>1%)为Ca,Si,Mg,Al,Fe,O和Cr,主要矿物质为Ca₂SiO₄和Ca₃Mg(SiO₄)₂;而AOD钢渣主要由Ca,Si,Mg,C和O等元素组成,主要矿物质为Ca₂SiO₄,资源化利用潜力大.不锈钢渣浸出毒性测试结果表明:除Cr外,所有重金属浸出质量浓度均低于或接近于检测限,Cr浸出质量浓度小于0.2 mg/L,远低于危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)相应限值,且重金属主要以稳定的化学形态存在;根据有效浸出测试结果,不锈钢渣中的Cr在最不利条件下存在溶出风险,但以毒性较低的Cr(Ⅲ)为主,与X射线衍射测试结果一致.因此,不锈钢渣中的重金属浸出污染风险低.      

新型絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁的制备和性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、B,制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁（PFASB）。通过实验得到其最佳配比为：n_(B)/n_(Si)=0.16、n_(Fe)/n_(Al)=0.5 、n_(Al+Fe)/n_(Si)=1。对造纸废水和焦化废水进行混凝实验表明,PFASB的除浊、除COD的能力均优于聚合铝、聚合铝铁和聚硅铝铁,而且矾花产生迅速,矾花粗大密实,是一种性能优异的新型高分子絮凝剂。实验还考察了絮凝剂的形貌和结构,结果表明B、铝及其水解产物、铁及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用,形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PFASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

纳米膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥进程及恶臭气体排放的影响

好氧堆肥是处理畜禽粪便的重要途径,但传统堆肥存在效率低和恶臭气体污染严重等问题.为了加快畜禽粪便堆肥进程,减少恶臭气体排放,探究了覆盖纳米膜对提升畜禽粪便堆肥效率的作用机制.设置槽式好氧堆肥发酵实验,通过堆肥过程中堆体物料的理化性质,酶活性和排放的恶臭气体来评估纳米膜对畜禽粪便堆肥效果的影响.结果表明,覆盖纳米膜能够加快升温,降低堆体物料的p H、有机质(OM)和氨氮(NH₄⁺-N),提高电导率(EC),增强脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和过氧化物酶的活性,并且NH₃、H₂S和TVOC的总累积排放量分别减少了58%、100%和61%.相关性分析显示,大多数酶活性易受温度(T)、EC、OM和C/N的影响.在一定范围内,NH3的排放速率与T呈极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关,TVOC的排放速率与多种理化性质显著相关.覆盖纳米膜能够加快堆体腐熟,减少恶臭气体的排放,是一种无害化、低排放的技术手段,能够有效解决畜禽粪便堆肥发酵带来的污染物排放难题,促进养殖业的绿色可持续发展,为推动生物质废弃物的资源化...     

Conservation needs exposed by variability in common-pool governance principles

Common-pool governance principles are becoming increasingly important tools for natural resource management with communities and comanagement arrangements. Effectiveness of these principles depends on variability in agreements, trust, and adherence to institutional norms. We evaluated heterogeneity in governance principles by asking 449 people in 30 fishing communities in 4 East African countries to rate their effectiveness. The influences of individuals, their membership and role in stakeholder community groups, leadership, community, and country were tested. The membership and role of people were not the main influence on their perceptions of the effectiveness of governance principles. Therefore, drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of specific principles would be difficult to make independent of the individuals asked. More critical were individuals’ nationalities and their associations with the shared perceptions of a response-group's effectiveness of each principle. Perceptions of effectiveness differed strongly by country, and respondents from poor nations (Madagascar and Mozambique) were more cohesiveness but had fewer and weaker between-community conflict-resolution mechanisms. Overall, group identity, group autonomy, decision-making process, and conflict resolution principles were perceived to be most effective and likely to be enforced by repeated low-cost intragroup activities. Graduated sanctions, cost–benefit sharing, and monitoring resource users, fisheries, and ecology were the least scaled principles and less affordable via local control. We suggest these 2 groups of principles form independently and, as economies develop and natural resources become limiting, sustainability increasingly depends on the later principles. Therefore, management effectiveness in resource-limited situations depends on distributing power, skills, and costs beyond fishing communities to insure conservation needs are met.     

航空用2D12铝合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

在海南万宁试验站开展2D12铝合金海洋大气暴露试验,通过质量损失分析、力学性能分析和金相显微形貌分析,研究了2D12铝合金在海洋大气环境中腐蚀的规律和行为。结果表明,2D12铝合金的腐蚀质量损失与暴露时间的关系可用幂函数回归;随暴露时间的延长,2D12铝合金的抗拉强度先下降、后趋于平稳,断后伸长率则逐渐降低;金相显微分析表明,2D12铝合金的腐蚀由初始的点蚀逐渐发展成晶间腐蚀。     

ADAPTING THE LAW OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER HYDROPOLITICAL STRESSES1

ABSTRACT: Existing legal regimes for the management of water resources are already stressed by changing technologies and growing populations. There is little reason for doubt that today the planet is undergoing significant and even alarming climate change. In the past such global climatic changes had dramatic effects on water resource availability with disastrous consequences for many human communities. Today's climate changes can be managed without such disastrous consequences for present day communities only if there are major reforms to existing water law regimes at the local, national, and international levels. In particular, at the local and national levels, water resources must be treated as public property rather than as common or private property. At the international level, water must be managed at the drainage basin level rather than according to national boundaries that largely ignore rational water management criteria. At all levels, care must be given to decentralizing decision making and to use economic incentives insofar as possible, without, however, mistaking economic incentives for markets. The public nature of water resources precludes true markets as a significant management tool.