改性菌丝体对Ni2+的吸附特性研究

通过专利对菌丝体进行了改性。所制备的改性菌丝体对重金属离子具有良好的吸附效果。结果表明 ,其对Ni2 + 的吸附容量 6 3.2mg/g (初始水溶液中Ni2 + 浓度为 2 0 0mg/L) ,是甲壳素吸附剂的 3.3倍 (19.1mg/g) ,与壳聚糖吸附剂相比吸附容量提高了 135 % ,与D75 1与南开 15 2相比吸附容量非常接近。用 0 .5 %— 0 .2 %的解吸剂便可以完全解吸 ,能够重复使用达 6次以上。本文还研究了改性菌丝体对Ni2 + 的吸附过程中重要的影响因素 ,结果发现 ,在微碱性 (pH =8— 9)条件下 ,改性菌丝体可以把初始浓度高达 80 0mg/L的Ni2 + 溶液一次性降低到 17mg/L ,为改性菌丝体在工业废水处理中的应用奠定了良好的基础。     

天然高分子改性阳离子絮凝剂的合成及对工业废水的处理

以天然高分子F691粉为原料，合成了一种阳离子絮凝剂FIQ－C，考察了各种因素对合成的影响，并研究了它对工业废水的处理效果。研究结果表明，在最佳合成条件，FIQ－C具有良好的絮凝性能。FIQ－C与PAC复制便利地，对工业废水处理效果最好，废水处理后可达标排放。     

Importance of Attitudinal Differences among Artisanal Fishers toward Co-Management and Conservation of Marine Resources

Abstract:  The Chilean government has introduced a policy that gives formal property rights over defined areas of seabed to organized groups of artisanal fishers with the goal of achieving sustainable exploitation of natural resources. We assessed differences in the attitudes of participating artisanal fishers toward this form of management to understand their importance in the design and implementation of fisheries management. We used questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal techniques to survey members of six fishing management committees. Fishers' attitudes varied significantly among syndicates in three main domains: attitudes toward the environment, unresolved aspects behind the management area policy, and perceived benefits derived from adoption of the policy. These differences indicated the existence of distinct world views that structure fishers' behavior toward the marine environment and its management. In addition, the responses made by fishers correlated best with the degree of off-sector pluriactivity and their dependence on diving as a source of income. This suggested that a livelihood approach to the development of Chilean artisanal fisheries that considers the multiple economic niches of the fishers will be most effective in the implementation of dual conservation/management measures.     

Socioeconomic Thresholds That Affect Use of Customary Fisheries Management Tools

Abstract:  Customary forms of resource management, such as taboos, have received considerable attention as a potential basis for conservation initiatives in the Indo-Pacific. Yet little is known about how socioeconomic factors influence the ability of communities to use customary management practices and whether socioeconomic transformations within communities will weaken conservation initiatives with a customary foundation. We used a comparative approach to examine how socioeconomic factors may influence whether communities use customary fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. We examined levels of material wealth (modernization), dependence on marine resources, population, and distance to market in 15 coastal communities. We compared these socioeconomic conditions in 5 communities that used a customary method of closing their fishing ground with 10 communities that did not use this type of management. There were apparent threshold levels of dependence on marine resources, modernization, distance to markets (<16.5 km), and population (>600 people) beyond which communities did not use customary fisheries closures. Nevertheless, economic inequality, rather than mean modernization levels seemed to influence the use of closures. Our results suggest that customary management institutions are not resilient to factors such as population growth and economic modernization. If customary management is to be used as a basis for modern conservation initiatives, cross-scale institutional arrangements such as networks and bridging organizations may be required to help filter the impacts of socioeconomic transformations.     

福建集体林权制度改革热潮后的冷思考

通过对福建集体林权制度改革完成后必须面临和亟待解决的政府职能转变、林业税费征收和使用的合理性、生态公益林补偿机制、林权流转的监督等问题的讨论与分析,提出了相应的改革建议.     

新型茧覆惰化材料对不同体积分数甲烷的吸收性能分析

针对研制出的新型茧覆惰化材料,选择在甲烷爆炸下限以下2%、3%和4%三个体积分数梯度,使用纯水、多体积分数水平的新型复配试剂和参比试剂(国际先进水基灭火溶液F-500)对含有不同体积分数甲烷的混合气体进行喷洒,对比研究新型试剂在不同体积分数甲烷泄漏环境中的吸收性能。结果表明,不同甲烷体积分数环境下,两试剂均表现出良好的吸收包覆甲烷的能力,配方试剂对应曲线较参比试剂的波动小,甲烷体积分数下降速度更快,茧覆吸收效果突出、稳定;随添加量增加,两试剂受到分布不均及包覆饱和的影响,作用后期出现小范围反吸收效应,但不影响甲烷体积分数的整体下降趋势。配方试剂吸收包覆可燃烷烃的能力随试剂添加量及作用时间增长而增强,当添加量超过3%时,作用效果明显,试验初期甲烷体积分数下降迅速,后期逐步趋于稳定。总体而言,新型茧覆惰化材料具有良好的吸收包覆甲烷气体的能力。     

一种翼缘弯折式剪切型软钢阻尼器试验研究与数值模拟

为改善普通剪切型软钢阻尼器在翼缘与连接板焊缝处应力集中问题,提出了一种翼缘弯折式剪切型软钢阻尼器。通过低周反复试验和ABAQUS有限元模拟,对阻尼器的基本力学性能和疲劳性能进行研究。数值模拟分析和试验结果大致贴合,改良后的阻尼器性能稳定,耗能效果明显,能进行较大位移的剪切变形,具有一定抗疲劳能力。该阻尼器构造简单易于制造,可为相关研究提供参考。     

黔东南施秉白云岩上覆土壤剖面理化特征与土壤有机碳含量关系研究

以贵州施秉云台山典型喀斯特土壤剖面为研究对象,运用野外定点采样和室内分析的方法,探讨了土壤理化性质与有机碳含量及其相互间的耦合关系,为贵州东部地区白云岩山地土壤提供地球化学新数据。结果表明:(1)三个剖面土壤p H值主要集中在7.50~8.00之间,呈碱性,为黑色、灰黑色土壤-棕壤-黄壤碱性石灰土,土壤质地为粉粘壤土。(2)土壤剖面有机碳含量具有高度变异性,整体上表现为从表土层到底层逐渐减少。植被、土壤理化性质和剖面成土演化对土壤有机碳含量有着重要影响。(3)土壤有机碳与土壤密度和p H值有明显的线性负相关性(R~2=0.62,0.21,n=32),与土壤有机氮呈极显著线性正相关(R~2=0.98,n=32);土壤有机碳与不同粒径组分相关性较弱,但相对而言与土壤黏粒相关性最大,成幂指数负相关(R~2=0.22)。土壤的理化性状在很大程度上影响着土壤有机碳的含量,而土壤有机碳含量的变化又对土壤理化性质有着重要的调节作用,二者相互联系,相互耦合,共同制约着喀斯特地区土壤生态系统的演化。     

陕北黄土高原生态环境治理的有效性: 产权残缺理论的分析视角

借助于现代产权经济学派的产权残缺理论。揭示陕北黄土高原生态环境治理困境的产权残缺及其根源。进而从产权配置的有效性视角，指出理顺国有公共资源产权配置的责权利关系与效率以及对此公共产权资源增值的分享，对于促进该地区生态治理的深入进行与改善是非常必要的。文章还针对该地区生态环境治理中的产权残缺及其低效性进行深刻剖析，并在此基础上提出了该地区生态环境综合治理的政策建议与措施：要明晰陕北黄土高原生态环境治理中的资源产权，建立资源产权明晰的产权有效保护规则，并以水权为例简要分析了其治理效果。     

Is Policy Towards Intellectual Property Rights Addressing the Real Problems? The Case of Unauthorized Appropriation of Genetic Resources

Unauthorized appropriation of geneticresources has been described by the term``biopiracy.' Technological breakthroughsincluding biotechnological applications canincrease considerably the instrumental value ofbiodiversity as new products or products withnew properties can be made. Nevertheless, itappears that, in most cases, the properties inquestion were already known to the indigenouspeople and used for centuries. The analysisdiscusses both from an economic and an ethicalperspective whether it is just that traditionalknowledge is rewarded. As the conflictintensifies over questions of ownership andcontrol of biological materials, IntellectualProperty Rights are at the center ofcontroversies. The current global systemgoverning biotechnology has largely been shapedby Western expectations and valuations andconsequently has drawn severe criticism. Thecritics doubt both the stability andsustainability of the current patent system andargue for restructuring through benefit-sharingsystems in order to address some of theexisting inequalities. With the help of a casestudy (US patent no. 5,751 on ayahuasca) thetheoretical notion of biopiracy is applied toreal problems.