农地资源不同价值属性的产权结构设计实证

农地是农业的基础、国民经济的基础,也是社会稳定的基础。农地资源具有经济价值属性、生态价值属性和社会价值属性,而社会价值属性包括社会保障功能价值、社会稳定功能价值及其他社会功能价值。本文针对农地资源不同的价值属性进行了产权结构设计,经济价值属性对应于农地农用产权,社会保障功能价值对应的是农地发展权,其他的价值属性构成了农地的公共产权。通过建立农地资源不同形态的价值属性与产权、价格之间的关系框架,为农地产权价格的衡量提供了依据。江都市的实证研究表明:农地发展权价格和公共产权价格在农地完全价格中的比重高达81.85%,其中,发展权价格的比重最大,达到63.02%,是农用产权价格的3.47倍;而公共产权价格的比重也达到18.83%,高出农用产权价格4%。在征地过程中如果考虑农地发展权和公共产权,并将其权益分配给农民,那么农民的土地财产权益可以增加4倍多。     

生化法处理废纸再生造纸废水

对再生造纸废水的组成、性质进行了论证 ,并通过典型工程实例对再生造纸废水处理技术进行了分析和评价 ,指出以生化为主的处理能有效的治理再生造纸废水。     

大掺量煤矸石水泥研究

采用激发剂技术,研制成功了煤矸石掺量达６０％,强度标号达４９．６ＭＰａ的大掺量煤矸石水泥,研究表明,这种水泥的标准稠度需水量、凝结时间、安定性等物理性能符合国家标准的有关要求;水泥石孔隙率为０．０４１３ｃｍ＾３·ｇ＾－１,结构致密;７ｄ水经热为２３５ｋＪ·ｋｇ＾－１,属低热水泥。     

铬暴露导致的秀丽线虫多重毒性的世代间比较

利用模式生物秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)对铬(Cr)暴露导致的多重毒性及其在世代间的可传递性进行了研究.发育、生殖、运动行为、行为可塑性与寿命等方面的参数被用于多重毒性的分析.结果表明,Cr能够导致线虫出现多种表型和行为缺陷.低浓度(2.5μmol·L-1)Cr暴露即可导致发育、生殖与寿命上的严重缺陷,而高浓度(75和200μmol·L-1)Cr暴露还可以导致运动行为与行为可塑性上的严重缺陷.而且,大部分高浓度Cr暴露导致的缺陷可以从暴露当代传递到后代,使后代仍然呈现出严重的表型与行为缺陷.在这些后代中,各表型与行为缺陷只能得到有限的恢复,或没有明显的恢复.因此,就秀丽线虫而言,Cr暴露导致的各表型与行为缺陷很大程度上可以从暴露当代传递到后代个体中.     

川西亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程的土壤性性质变化

研究川西岷江上游高山针叶林区不同年龄阶段的人工云杉林地凋落物及其养分贮量和土壤养分及主要理化性质的变化趋势,结果表明：（1）人工云杉林的凋落物及其氮、磷、钾贮量、以60年代抚育成熟林最高,40年代抚育成熟林大幅度下降,分别下降34．1％及49．8％,70．5％,46．7％;（2）人工云杉林地表土的有机质、全氮、全磷随林龄的增加而降低,据典型土壤剖面资料,40年代比60年代抚育林土壤分别降低72．4％,78．6％,42．2％;（3）相应于土壤有机质的变化,与60年代人工云杉成熟林相比,40年代成熟林土壤的自然含水量、总孔工、保肥力（CEC）和交换性盐某养分等均明显降低,表现出肥力退化的趋势,因此,当人工云杉林达到成熟林后,后采取诸如适当间伐等措施,以改善林地生态条件,避免土壤肥力退化,图4表6参11。     

Common property resources in drylands of India

Common property resources are areas of land or water being used by a community or a group of communities. These have special significance to peoples and communities who depend on them for their livelihood. The commons in all arid districts of India include village pastures, community forests, wasteland, common threshing grounds, waste dumps, watershed drainage, village baoris¹, talabs², nadis³ and ponds, and tanks, rivers, rivulets, wetlands, riverbeds, community conserved areas, protected areas, Dhaam⁴ or Dhooni⁵, culturable wastelands, barren & un-culturable land, etc. The area under commons often ranged from 9 to 28% of total village area. Appropriation of the commons by the state for building essential infrastructure such as schools, clinics, veterinary hospitals, housing for government functionaries, SEZ and industrial corridors, etc. is a cause of serious concern. Presently the ownership rights over CPRs are not clear and there are many who claim ownership, some at State level but also like local bodies. The 12^th plan of the Planning Commission of India recognized and highlighted the need for favourable land tenure arrangements, institutional design and programme architecture in order to achieve effective governance and management of the commons. The revitalization of CPRs is crucial for protecting livelihoods, as well as for biodiversity conservation and for the improvement in arid microclimatic conditions. Dialogue continues on the status of common property resources, the available legal framework and some policy related issues for its conservation through strengthening of local institutions and capacity building for stakeholders.     

Understanding and actioning BRE environmental assessment method: a socio-technical approach

The following research applies a socio-technical approach to an original study of the role of BRE environmental assessment method (BREEAM) in sustainable building practice. The primary objective is to gain insight into what facilitates and what weakens professional associations to implement a sustainability agenda in a building project. It focuses on understanding different sets of meaning which underlie engagement with BREEAM and how BREEAM is actioned. To do this, the research framework draws on social network analysis. However, this research does not consider that sustainable building is merely an outcome of planned action. Instead, sustainable building is seen to involve processes of engagement amongst different groups, technologies, materials and methods. Therefore, the conceptual framework adopted incorporates consideration of the materiality of sustainable building engagements, highlighting the relations between actors. Interviews with project professionals involved in a case study of a BREEAM Outstanding development provide the empirical basis for this work. This research will be of interest to scholars interested in socio-technical approaches to building development, environmental building assessment methods and sustainable building.     

MNLR and ANN structural group contribution methods for predicting the flash point temperature of pure compounds in the transportation fuels range

A QSPR method is presented for predicting the flash point temperature (FPT) of pure compounds in the transportation fuels range. A structural group contribution method is used to determine the flash point temperature using two techniques: multivariable nonlinear regression and artificial neural networks. The method was used to probe the structural groups that have significant contribution to the overall FPT of pure compounds and arrive at the set of 37 atom-type structural groups that can best represent the flash point for about 375 substances. The input parameters to the model are the number of occurrence of each of the 37 structural groups in each molecule. The neural network method was the better of the two techniques and can predict the flash point of pure compounds merely from the knowledge of the molecular structure with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.996 and overall average and maximum errors of 1.12% and 6.62%, respectively. The results are compared to the more traditional approach of the SGC method along with other methods in the literature.     

Untangling outcomes of de jure and de facto community‐based management of natural resources

We systematically reviewed the literature on the tragedy of the commons and common‐property resources. We segregated studies by legal management regimes (de jure regimes) and management that develops in practice (de facto regimes) to understand how the structure of regime formation affects the outcome of community management on sustainability of resource use. De facto regimes, developed within the community, are more likely to have positive impacts on the resource. However, de facto regimes are fragile and not resilient in the face of increased population pressure and unregulated markets, and de facto management regimes are less successful where physical exclusion of external agents from resources is more difficult. Yet, formalization or imposition of de jure management regimes can have complicated impacts on sustainability. The imposition of de jure regimes usually has a negative outcome when existing de facto regimes operate at larger scales than the imposed de jure regime. In contrast, de jure regimes have largely positive impacts when the de facto regimes operate at scales smaller than the overlying de jure regimes. Formalization may also be counterproductive because of elite capture and the resulting de facto privatization (that allows elites to effectively exclude others) or de facto open access (where the disenfranchised may resort to theft and elites cannot effectively exclude them). This underscores that although the global movement to formalize community‐management regimes may address some forms of inequity and may produce better outcomes, it does not ensure resource sustainability and may lead to greater marginalization of users. Comparison of governance systems that differentiate between initiatives that legitimize existing de facto regimes and systems that create new de facto regimes, investigations of new top‐down de jure regimes, and studies that further examine different approaches to changing de jure regimes to de facto regimes are avenues for further inquiry.     

聚酰胺及其改性材料自然老化行为研究及预测

在自然环境(武汉)下进行了两年半的老化曝晒实验,随着老化时间的增长,聚酰胺材料的吸水率逐渐增加,力学性能下降,表面出现了不同程度的裂纹.通过吸水率测试和力学性能的比较,发现环境湿度影响聚酰胺老化过程中力学性能变化,湿度越大,材料力学性能下降越快;改性后,即添加了玻璃纤维后的聚酰胺,能够在一定程度下减缓材料老化行为.对材...