MODELING INSTREAM RECREATIONAL BENEFITS1

ABSTRACT: A basic problem in the management of rivers has been how to balance the tradeoffs between instream and out-of-stream uses. Traditionally, the problem has been addressed by optimizing the economic benefits of flow diversions and regulated releases with instream uses as a flow constraint. An alternative method is to model the effect different river flows have on various recreational uses (e.g., boating, fishing) and then use the results as an additional function or piece of information to determine river project operations and benefits. A methodology that is based on multiobjective decision theory and that relates instream recreational preferences to river flow is proposed. The methodology consists of determining, standardizing, and combining recreational benefit functions, and incorporating potential sources of uncertainty into an estimate of total instream benefits. Thus different types of flow patterns, resulting from reservoir regulation (out-of-stream water uses), can be analyzed to determine their potential instream impact. The methodology is applied to the New River Gorge, West Virginia, which has been designated as a National River.     

3种水稻种植模式的减氮效应和经济性评估

为探讨不同种植模式对水稻田氮素污染流失的影响和经济效益差异，于2016年4—10月在盘锦市鼎翔米业幸福农场内布设试验样地，采用对比试验、费用效益分析、情景分析等方法，开展了常规种植、低化学品和有机生态3种水稻种植模式的减氮效应和经济性评估.结果表明:①3种模式中有机生态种植模式的农田排水总氮含量最低，为1.94 kg/hm2，低化学品种植模式次之，为3.67 kg/hm2，常规种植模式最高，为5.87 kg/hm2.②有机生态种植模式单位面积经济净现值及经济净现值率最高，分别为23 302.53元/hm2和1.13；低化学品种植模式次之，分别为15 310.42元/hm2和1.06；常规种植模式最低，分别为14 855.92元/hm2和0.93.③在水稻价格上浮5%时，有机生态种植模式的经济净现值和净现值率最高，分别为21 218.14元/hm2和0.86，分别比低化学品种植模式及常规种植模式高7 425.26元/hm2和0.07及7 972.01元/hm2和0.17.④在水稻价格下调5%时，有机生态种植模式的经济净现值和净现值率依然最高，分别为16 872.82元/hm2和0.68，分别比低化学品种植模式和常规种植模式高6 030.87元/hm2、0.06和6 715.17元/hm2、0.15.研究显示，有机生态种植模式的减氮效应和经济效益明显高于低化学品种植模式和常规种植模式.      

Impediments to refractory recycling decision-making

This paper focuses on organizational impediments to the successful implementation of industrial recycling programs. Even if a technologically viable and mutually beneficial solution were to exist, there are a number of organizational impediments that make it unlikely to succeed unless the benefits are very large and apparent. These impediments stem from the difficulty in identifying potential partners and involving the appropriate individuals within the firms that understand the technical requirements, value the strategic benefits and are receptive towards establishing the industrial recycling relationship. This dilemma applies to many industrial recycling opportunities, but solutions do exist. One way to avoid some of these obstacles is to use a middleman, or broker, who can play several crucial roles to establish the relationship. This paper describes the impediments and key broker roles, and provides a case study dealing with refractory recycling. It provides a case study that documents a recycling relationship between an aluminum-manufacturing firm that produces a large volume of spent refractories and a regional portland cement producer that is using the spent refractories as an alternative raw material source. This paper also provides a thorough literature search in the area of refractory recycling. Finally, the case study provides an opportunity for analysis and reflection on the implications of these findings to industrial firms, industrial societies and governmental agencies that seek to encourage successful recycling operations.     

基于系统动力学的企业安全经济效益分析 —以安全教育经济效益子系统为例

为达到企业安全经济效益最大化的目标,运用系统动力学的方法对企业安全经济效益系统进行建模,并对其中的安全教育经济效益子系统进行仿真模拟。实验结果表明:改变系统中的影响因素,安全教育经济效益并没有立即发生变化,而存在一段“延迟阶段”。同时也证明了安全培训人员能力在安全教育经济效益系统中具有最大的影响效果。     

A longitudinal study of mentor and protégé outcomes in formal mentoring relationships

This study examined relationships between mentoring functions offered and transformational leadership as a mentor outcome and affective well‐being and organizational commitment as mutual outcomes for both mentors and protégés. For this examination, we conducted a longitudinal field study by using 111 matched reports from both mentors and protégés collected at three different points in time over seven months in nine Korean companies that administered a standardized formal mentoring program. Study results showed that mentoring functions assessed at Time 2 were positively associated with mentors' and protégés' post‐mentoring outcomes at Time 3 after controlling for pre‐mentoring initial levels of those outcomes at Time 1. Study findings also revealed that relative effects of mentoring on the mentor and protégé outcomes differed by the types of mentoring functions. We discuss the theoretical, practical, and methodological implications from these results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

民航管制员违章行为探讨

从内在动力和外在诱因两个方面分析了管制员违章行为产生的根本原因,着重归纳了管制员有意违章的临界心理状态,揭示了违章行为的规律,并提出具体的防范控制措施.     

Climate change,marine policy and the valuation of Mediterranean intertidal ecosystems

This commentary describes a gap in the qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the provision of benefits to humans from the intertidal ecosystems of the Mediterranean and offers a framework for quantification of the benefits provided by these systems. The identification of such benefits, understanding their spatial distribution and their subsequent quantification will be critical to the design of policy responses to future climate change, sea level rise and seawater acidification. A baseline understanding of the current state of ecosystem functions, as well as of the provision of related ecosystem services, is therefore needed. Further, researchers must strive to generate forecasts of the changes in these functions and services conditional on policy responses and the range of expectations for climate change.     

CDM项目大气污染物减排的协同效应研究

为了CDM项目的优化开发和大气污染物的协同控制,就国内CDM项目的污染物减排协同效应进行了分析.在统计其项目年减排量、总投资额以及协同减排系数的基础上,按不同项目类型(零排放的可再生能源、生物质、甲烷废气回收、燃料替代、煤层气回收、水泥原料替代、N2O分解消除以及节能和提高能效)和不同项目所在地(华中、华东、海南、华北、东北、西北以及华南)分析了项目的SO2、NOx和PM2.5协同减排量和投资减排收益.燃料替代、煤层气回收、节能提高能效类项目的投资减排收益高,华中和华东地区的生物质能源项目收益较高,而风电、水电类项目收益较低.     

Multiple paternity and offspring quality in tree swallows

There is mounting evidence in a variety of taxa that females increase offspring quality by mating with multiple males, often resulting in multiple paternity. In birds, however, few studies have explicitly examined the benefits of mating with several different males; instead, the focus has been on whether or not extra-pair mating occurs, and its adaptive significance remains controversial. We examined the hypothesis that offspring quality, particularly immune response (phytohaemagglutinin assay) and growth, increases with the number of sires in broods of socially monogamous tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). We found one of the highest known levels of multiple paternity in birds (84% of nests with two or more extra-pair young had at least two extra-pair sires). Among nests with extra-pair young, the number and diversity of sires continued to increase linearly with the number of extra-pair young, so there was no evidence that some males monopolized paternity at high levels of extra-pair fertilization. Indeed, the number of sires was actually greater than expected in large broods, suggesting that some females might be seeking more mates. We found no effect of the number of sires on nestling immune response or growth. In mixed paternity broods, the immune response of extra-pair young did not differ from that of their within-pair half-siblings. However, among all broods, nestlings had a stronger immune response in nests with at least one extra-pair nestling than in nests with all within-pair nestlings. These results are not consistent with a good genes benefit of extra-pair mating, but they do suggest that there are environmental effects associated with extra-pair mating that increase nestling immune response. These environmental effects could produce indirect genetic effects on sexual selection if they are heritable. The extraordinarily high number of sires in this species highlights a relatively unexplored source of sexual selection in birds.     

油田企业清洁生产审核实例

油田企业在为国家提供丰富石油资源的同时也成为环境污染的大户。自推行清洁生产以来,我国油田企业在清洁生产审核过程、节能降耗、环境保护等方面取得了较好成绩。以某油田企业为例,根据清洁生产＂节能、降耗、减污、增效＂的思路,以企业能源、资源利用情况的分析为基础,提出和实施了多项清洁生产方案。通过注气闸门填料改进、洗车用水回收再利用、化验室增加回收罐回收污油等方案的实施,同比可节电：20.74×104kW.h/a、节气：52×104m3/a、节水：2.80×104m3/a、减少污油排放：1.50 t/a左右,实现了经济效益和环境效益的双赢。