手持式气体采集器在环境监测中的应用

气体样品的采集在环境监测领域是十分重要的,传统的气体样品采集不仅采样时间长、劳动强度大、采样半径小而且平行样精密度差,增加环境监测气体采集的工作难度。手持式气体采集器则在传统气体采集器的基础上,解决了传统气体采集繁琐、计量不准等诸多问题．为快速、准确地获得监测数据提供了坚实的基础。     

1961~2010年大渡河流域极端降水事件变化特征

基于大渡河流域1961~2010年逐日降水数据资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Morlet小波分析法,分析了近50a来大渡河流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明,大渡河流域的极端降水指数均呈现出相对稳定的波动增加;多年平均值均呈现出由西北向东南方向逐渐增多的分布特征,变化趋势的空间分布存在着区域差异:除强降水日数外,其他极端降水指数均呈现下游增加,上游减小的变化趋势,大渡河流域极端降水与年降水量变化趋势密切相关。大渡河流域各指数突变特征不一致,1d、5d最大降水量突变年集中在1974~1976年前后;强降水日数、极端降水量及极端强降水日数发生突变的年份分别为1984年、1979年及1977年,且突变后呈现明显的增大趋势。大渡河流域极端降水指数周期特征较复杂,但普遍存在5~10a的年际振荡周期和20~25a的年代际振荡周期,且25a是最强的主周期。     

长三角城市群PM2.5时空变化和影响因素分析

为协调经济发展与环境污染之间的矛盾,实现经济社会的可持续发展.以长三角城市群为研究区,基于PM_2.5浓度和气象数据,分析PM_2.5浓度的时空变化规律,并利用小波相干（WTC）、偏小波相干（PWC）和多小波相干（MWC）,评估PM_2.5与气象因子在时频域中的多尺度耦合振荡.结果表明：①②③④⑥⑤⑦⑧⑨⑩长三角城市群PM_2.5浓度年均值由西北向东南梯度递减,高值区域空间范围逐年缩小.PM_2.5浓度季节均值与年均值的空间分布特征相似,并且具有冬季最高,夏季最低,春秋过渡的特点.② PM_2.5浓度从2015~2021年逐年下降,达标率逐年上升.PM_2.5浓度差异逐年缩小,具有动态收敛性特征.PM_2.5浓度在夏季的收敛性大于冬季.PM_2.5浓度日均值具有U型振荡特征,整个研究期间PM_2.5浓度等级为优和良的天数占比分别为49.72%和41.45%.③ PM_2.5与气象因子的相干性在不同时频域上存在差异.时频尺度不同,影响PM_2.5的主控因子也不尽相同.在所有时频尺度上,WTC结果表明风速可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量,PWC结果表明温度可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量.④时频尺度越大,多变量组合解释PM_2.5变化的相互作用越强,而温度和风速的协同作用可以更好地解释PM_2.5变化.结果可为长三角城市群空气污染防治提供参考.     

一种乳状液破乳的新方法──涡旋电场法

由螺线管、磁芯构成的电感器与电容器串联组成谐振电路。在此电路中通入高频电流，使其在破乳器内产生高频磁场，从而在破乳器内产生高频涡旋电场。在此高频涡电场作用下，Ｗ／Ｏ乳状液滴内电解质缔合体极化，电矩增大，界面双电层破坏，离子电泳速度加快，液滴碰撞增加，从而加速了分散相的聚结，达到破乳的目的。内相电解质导电能力越弱，破乳所需的电磁场强度越大。     

Redesigning harvest strategies for sustainable fishery management in the face of extreme environmental variability

Short-lived, fast-growing species that contribute greatly to global capture fisheries are sensitive to fluctuations in the environment. Uncertainties in exact stock–environment relationships have meant that environmental variability and extremes have been difficult to integrate directly into fisheries management. We applied a management strategy evaluation approach for one of Australia's large prawn stocks to test the robustness of harvest control rules to environmental variability. The model ensemble included coupled environmental-population models and an alternative catchability scenario fitted to historical catch per unit effort data. We compared the efficacy of alternative management actions to conserve marine resources under a variable environment while accounting for fisher livelihoods. Model fits to catch per unit effort were reasonably good and similar across operating models (OMs). For models that were coupled to the environment, environmental parameters for El Niño years were estimated with good associated precision, and OM3 had a lower AIC score (77.61)  than the base model (OM1, 80.39), whereas OM2 (AIC 82.41) had a similar AIC score, suggesting the OMs were all plausible model alternatives. Our model testing resulted in a plausible subset of management options, and stakeholders selected a permanent closure of the first fishing season based on overall performance of this option; ability to reduce the risk of fishery closure and stock collapse; robustness to uncertainties; and ease of implementation. Our simulation approach enabled the selection of an optimal yet pragmatic solution for addressing economic and conservation objectives under a variable environment with extreme events.     

再入攻角对弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应影响研究

目的 分析再入弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应,研究再入攻角振荡对其影响规律.方法 建立基于工程法的气动热/结构热响应耦合计算方法 ,并采用该方法 开展锥身典型位置气动热环境及结构热性计算分析.结果 随着再入攻角的振荡衰减,各典型子午面冷壁热流密度曲线围绕90°子午面热流密度曲线振荡,其振幅呈现先振荡增大、后振荡衰减的变...