营口近岸海域污染现状调查分析

无机氮和活性磷酸盐是营口近岸海域的特征污染物,对营口近岸海域造成了一定程度的污染。通过对营口近岸海域污染调查分析,提出了控制改善这种状况的建议和措施。     

生产安全事故责任认定定量化方法的探讨

当前,我国生产安全事故的责任认定是在事故调查组分析调查事故原因后,对事故责任者承担的责任进行定性的责任认定,受一定的主观因素影响。为了避免主观因素的影响,本文提出了一种责任认定定量化方法,该方法首先从安全管理、安全技术和职业健康卫生三方面建立了完善的事故影响因素集;然后在分析事故原因后采用专家打分法(德尔菲法)确定各影响因素的影响度,并计算出与事故相关的责任者的累加影响度,即责任大小;最后根据事故造成的人员伤亡和经济损失情况对事故责任者作出处理。此方法对生产安全事故责任认定更加公正客观。     

利用X射线吸收近边结构光谱(XANES)研究水泥窑共处置产品中Ni和Cd的微观组成

在模拟水泥窑中高温煅烧掺有Ni、Cd化学试剂的水泥生料,并由制取的水泥熟料制备水泥净浆片.利用X射线吸收近边结构光谱（XANES）对水泥窑共处置产品中Ni、Cd的微观组成进行了研究.结果表明：Ni在水泥窑煅烧过程中发生了较为彻底的化学变化,形成了Ni-Mg化合物,该化合物可能是以氧化物、氢氧化物或碳酸盐的形式存在;水泥...     

建阳市农业面源污染调查与防治对策研究

就目前建阳市农业面源污染的现状进行调查,并提出防治对策。     

固定污染源废气监测工况核查重点

在多年废气固定污染源监测工作经验的基础上,对装置和设施的生产运行状态（即工况）影响固定污染源监测结果质量的因素进行了分析和总结,提出了相关的工况核查重点及方法。     

单芯铜线过电流故障电弧熔痕的微观特征研究*

为准确认定电气火灾中过电流故障,模拟4~7倍额定电流（Ie）条件下单芯铜导线过电流故障,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析过电流故障电弧熔痕的组织特征,并结合Image-Pro Plus软件测定晶粒直径、周长和面积,探究金相组织的量化判据和变化规律。结果表明:当I＝4Ie时,过电流故障电弧熔痕的金相组织主要为方向性较强的树枝晶;当I＝5Ie,6Ie时,金相组织内树枝晶占比减小,胞状晶占比升高;当I＝7Ie时,方向性较弱的胞状晶占主导。随着电流增加,晶粒的平均直径、周长和面积均呈增长趋势。通过火灾案例分析可知,实验结果与现场的电弧熔痕组织特征基本相符,验证火灾事故原因为过电流故障。     

双重预防机制在家具制造业的应用与实践

为了减少安全事故的发生,进一步加强和规范企业生产现场的安全管理,探索双重预防机制在企业安全管理中的应用,结合家具制造企业安全生产现状,运用风险分级管控与隐患排查的相关理论,详细论述了企业构建双重预防体系的要点及方法,并提出了双重预防体系的监督与考核机制。实践结果证明,双重预防机制是一个统一的有机结合体,只有将风险分级管控体系和隐患排查治理体系有机结合,才能将导致事故发生的根源性因素进行有效识别和管控,双重预防机制建设也是一个动态管理的过程,需要及时进行监督、考核和调整。     

Why are powered two wheeler riders still fatally injured in road junction crashes? – A causation analysis

Introduction: Powered Two Wheeler (PTW) crashes continue to be a road safety concern with a plateauing of the number of associated fatalities. Method: Forty one UK fatal or serious injury crashes involving a PTW and another vehicle at a junction were examined. Crash causation was analysed using the Driver Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAMv3.2). Crashes were split into two groups: Group A, where the other vehicle was travelling in the opposite direction to the PTW and commenced a right turn across the PTW’s path; and Group B where the other vehicle turned right out of a side road (or entrance) across the PTW’s path. Results: Overall, the factor that led directly to the crash (phenotype) was most commonly ‘too high speed’ or ‘too late action’ for the motorcyclist and ‘too early action’ for the other driver. Missed or late observations were contributory factors for both PTW riders and other vehicle drivers. Some differences between groups were observed with the PTW riders in Group B more likely to have ‘insufficient skills’ and the other vehicle drivers in Group A more likely to have ‘attention allocation’ as a causation factor. For both groups the crashes occurred because the other vehicle failed to give way to the PTW with causation chains that suggest ‘looked but failed to see’ is still an issue in this type of crash. The excessive speed of the PTW contributed to some crashes. Conclusions: This analysis suggests that drivers failing to give way to PTW riders at junctions is still a problem. This may relate to the ‘looked but did not see’ phenomenon. Causation differences were observed between the examined groups. Practical considerations: The DREAM methodology is an effective tool in analysing crash data from police collision investigation reports. Different countermeasures may be necessary to prevent different types of junction crashes.     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

某基岩区工业固体废物填埋场地递进式场地环境调查实例

针对某基岩区简易封场后的固体废物填埋场,采用多层次、递进式调查策略,配合使用地球物理探测、直压式土壤快速取样、现场快速检测等技术,分3个阶段开展填埋场及其周边环境调查。第1阶段,调查地质环境特征,开展地球物理探测;第2阶段,调查填埋物、渗滤液主要组分及对周边积水、农田土壤、民用井水的污染情况;第3阶段,划定重点污染区域,开展土壤和地下水污染调查。调查结果显示,填埋区已发生明显渗漏,对邻近区域土壤、地下水及地表积水造成了一定污染,但未对周边农用地土壤、民用井水质等产生不利影响,总体处于可控范围。提出,通过削减污染源,切断污染物迁移、暴露途径,消除已有污染影响,长期跟踪监测等多项管控治理措施进行综合整治。