奎屯高砷地下水灌溉区居民头发和指甲中砷含量研究

近十几年来,奎屯垦区高砷地下水被广泛用于农业灌溉,会在一定程度上降低改水措施对防治砷地方病的效果。为了解高砷地下水灌溉对居民体内砷累积的影响,选择头发和指甲作为评价指标,通过随机采集样品并用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定样品中总As及As(Ⅲ)质量比的方式,对奎屯高砷地下水灌溉区居民砷污染健康影响现况进行了研究。结果表明,头发样品中总砷质量比为0.20~1.47μg/g(n=37),其中As(Ⅲ)质量比为0.06~0.67μg/g(n=32);51.35%的样品中总砷质量比高于卫生部标准(0.60μg/g),18.92%高于中国居民头发总砷正常值上限建议值(1.00μg/g),头发总砷质量比随居民居住年限和年龄增大而增大。指甲样品中总砷质量比为0.08~0.35μg/g(n=13),且与头发中总砷质量比呈正相关,当地居民体内呈现缓慢的As蓄积特征。改水30年后,奎屯垦区居民体内仍存在较高的砷水平,高砷地下水灌溉造成的人体健康风险不容忽视。     

黄河下游开封段引黄灌区小麦中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为探究引黄灌区小麦对人体健康的影响,以黄河下游引黄灌区开封段为研究区,对其中水稻乡、柳园口乡、西郊乡和北郊乡的小麦进行采样调查,采用内梅罗综合指数法、健康风险评价模型对研究区小麦重金属污染状况及其对成人和儿童的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区小麦籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg平均含量分别为0.034、0.428、0.279、5.363、29.605、0.305和0.003 mg·kg~(-1).除Pb和Zn外,其他重金属均未超出国家食品卫生标准限制值.研究区小麦籽粒中Pb和Zn的污染指数大于1,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Hg的污染指数均小于1,小麦综合污染指数为1.9851,各乡区小麦的综合污染指数介于1.116~1.847之间.非致癌重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg)对成人和儿童的健康风险指数分别为1.055 8和0.545 0;致癌重金属(Cd、Cr、Ni)对成人和儿童的健康风险指数均值均高于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平1×10-4,可能存在引发癌症的风险.     

油脂对红壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响

本文通过室内灌水入渗试验,研究了灌溉水油脂浓度（0,1.0,3.0和10.0g/L）、灌水频率（1d1次,2d1次,4d1次）和灌溉模式（纯清水灌溉,纯含油脂灌溉水灌溉,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉）对受灌土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响.结果显示,随灌水进入到受灌土壤中的油脂主要集中在优先流通道中快速运动,优先流湿润锋处的土壤油脂浓度较高且不受灌溉水中油脂浓度的影响,表明即便是采用较低油脂浓度的灌溉水灌溉,依然对地下水系统存在较高的污染风险;高频率、低定额的含油脂灌溉水灌溉有利于进入到受灌土壤中的油脂向深层土壤运动,使得斥水性土层厚度增大,从而导致入渗水流运动的不确定性及地下水系统的污染风险均增大;油脂对受灌土壤团聚体的再团聚作用只有在其浓度较高时才能形成,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉因降低了受灌土壤的油脂浓度反而导致土壤团聚体分散和破碎.研究成果对再生水和原污水农田灌溉制度设计具有参考价值.     

农闲期城郊农田灌溉水中典型污染物含量与评价——以西北江三角洲为例

摸查了农田灌溉系统水环境经农(夏)闲期降水等外部强干预调理后的环境污染物含量——该值理论上是环境自净作用之后的最不利值,对农田灌溉系统水环境进行水质评价,探究其对农田土壤质量的潜在污染风险.于2019年6月中旬—7月下旬(降雨集中期),分别在西北江三角洲城市(清远市、佛山市和江门市)实验基地周边筛选研究区,并在雨后对有覆水的水源区域、灌渠、蓄水池和田间水等采集上覆水,共采得水样27×2份,对其pH值、悬浮物(SS)、矿化度、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)、Cd、As、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量进行检测;对各研究区pH值、SS的成因和影响,矿化度的等级,重金属均值分布等进行分析;对全样品TP、NH⁺₄-N、重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析和描述性特征分析;通过单因子水质标识指数P_i和综合水质标识指数P分别对各采样点、各构成项目和各研究区进行水质评价.研究发现雨后农田灌溉系统水环境构成复杂,物质呈无显著性差异的迁移,灌溉沿程上覆水中大部分物质可能处于动态平衡,受局部环境影响变...     

不同再生水灌溉方式对土壤-辣椒系统中细菌群落多样性及病原菌丰度的影响

再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.     

Pesticide in the Mississippi River floodplain and its possible linkage to colon cancer risk in the US

Result of this study shows that elevated colorectal cancer risk in Mississippi River floodplain of the United States is likely linked to historically high pesticide application. Mississippi River basin produces about 80% of major US crops and has about two-thirds of US pesticides used for agriculture. Historically, heavy pesticide application and agricultural irrigation were reported to result in high pesticide residues in surface water, fish and wells of Mississippi embayment. Risk ratio of colorectal cancer incidence in 86 counties of Mississippi River floodplain was about 29% higher than that of other counties in the 48 contiguous states. Risk ratio of colon cancer mortality in 63 counties of Mississippi embayment was 33% higher than that of other counties in the 48 states between 1999 and 2016. Risk ratios of colorectal cancer incidence and colon cancer mortality in Mississippi River floodplain are higher after smoking and diabetes factors were filtered off. Previous studies have linked exposure to pesticide with type-II diabetes and the latter was linked to increasing colon cancer risk by about 27%. Result here suggests that pesticide may be an independent risk factor directly associated with elevated colon cancer risk in Mississippi River floodplain.     

模型模拟土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响

为推动再生水安全灌溉,本研究运用ENVIRO-GRO模型模拟了不同土壤性质、植被条件下土壤盐分的分布规律及累积趋势,探讨了土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响.研究发现,不同土壤初始含盐量下,经多年重复模拟后最终达到统一的平衡状态;而不同土壤质地下,随着灌溉年份的增加,壤土、黏壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐增加直到平衡,砂壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐减少直到平衡,平衡时土层中的ECe值砂壤土〈壤土〈黏壤土.3种植被下,大叶黄杨、油松的土壤ECe值增加量小于早熟禾;土壤盐分在土层中的空间、时间分布也均有所不同.此外,不同模拟情景下,土壤盐分累积都不会影响植被的生长（黏壤土除外）,但均出现轻度盐渍化（砂壤土除外）.     

土壤微生物群落结构对生活源和工业源再生水灌溉的差异化响应

为研究不同来源再生水灌溉对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以地下水灌溉土壤为对照,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对长期利用生活源和工业源再生水灌溉的土壤微生物群落结构进行分析,进一步探究土壤环境因子及其相互作用对微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,与地下水灌溉相比,长期生活源再生水灌溉可显著提高土壤中TOC、 DOC、 Eh、 NH⁺₄-N和TP的含量,长期工业源再生水灌溉导致Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Pb和Zn在表层土壤大量累积.再生水灌溉显著增加了土壤中Acidobacteria和Planctomycetes的相对丰度,降低了Firmicutes和Tectomicrobia的相对丰度,且不同来源再生水对土壤中功能微生物的影响不同,生活源再生水灌溉可显著增加Chloroflexi和Nitrospirae的相对丰度,而工业源再生水灌溉对Actinobacteria具有显著的抑制作用.db-RDA分析结果表明,生活源再生水灌溉土壤菌群主要受TN、 TP、 DOC和Eh影响(P<0.05),工业源再生水灌溉土壤菌群主要受重金属影响(P&...     

IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES OF A DOLOMITE AQUIFER IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation development of the dolomite aquifer in eastera Kankakee and northern Iroquois Counties, Illinois, is extensive and increasing. Interruptions of domestic supplies have been reported with increasing frequency during the 1980's. To address this issue, a regional assessment of the ground-water resources of the region was conducted in 1987 and 1988. Options for managing the dolomite aquifer were also investigated. Hydrogeology of the dolomite aquifer was determined using five aquifer tests. Tranamissivity values of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 14,000 to 50,000 gpd/ft (168 to 600 m³/m/day). Storage coefficients were between 0.0001 and 0.0002, within the range of a confined (artesian) aquifer. Based on flow-net analyses, recharge of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 85,000 to 285,000 gpd/mi² (124.4 to 417.0 m³/day/km²). Water levels of the dolomite aquifer were mapped during five periods in 1987 and 1988 by measuring up to 226 wells completed in the dolomite aquifer. Maximum regional water-level declines because of irrigation pumpage were 44 feet (13.4 m) in 1987 and 72 feet (21.9 m) during the drought of 1988. Based on ground-water use data, precipitation records, and hydrogeologic information, the magnitude of water-level declines can be attributed more to differing hydrogeologic conditions than to pumpage or climatic changes. Existing ground-water management methods for resolving conflicts over the ground-water resources of the study area are reviewed and alternative management options explored.     

AGGREGATE MARGINAL RETURNS FROM WESTERN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Pressure is increasing in the western United States to reallocate water from irrigated agriculture to other competitive uses. Since water is normally allocated through water rights and not necessarily by the price system, the question of economic efficiency is a continual concern. Study results show that returns per acre-foot of water used in western irrigation are quite high and are closely tied to the livestock industry. Returns per acre-foot of water used for crops ranged from $60 to $1,500. When water was used to support livestock, returns per acre-foot ranged from $100 to $600. Clearly, losses of water supply that reduced irrigation production could also lower farm income significantly. Estimated returns also show what alternative uses would have to pay for water under competitive market conditions. Production elasticities are also shown for various states.