内蒙古农业灌区夏、秋浇的氮磷流失变化

通过对内蒙古农业灌区引黄灌溉的2次主要大规模灌溉（夏浇、秋浇）的跟踪监测,研究了农业灌区的氮磷流失情况.分析了2次灌溉期的各引水渠和排水渠中总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH4＋-N）、硝氮（NO3--N）、总磷（TP）、溶解性无机磷（DIP）、溶解性有机磷（DOP）、颗粒磷（PP）的变化情况.研究表明：夏浇时,由于植物吸收、灌水量小等因素,基本不产生污染.而秋浇期间,由于灌水量大、土地裸露成为非点源污染产生的主要时期.在对第8排域的TN、TP的连续监测中发现,排干沟中的总氮总磷含量基本维持在4.16mg.L^-1和0.1725mg.L^-1,且氮为主要的污染控制因子;排干沟中的N/P为24,排入乌梁素海中极易引起水华发生.结合河套农业灌区的自然条件、耕作方式等因素,综合分析了河套灌区在夏浇及秋浇时期的非点源污染产生过程及污染特点.为该地区非点源污染管理和控制提供科学依据.     

临江灌区工程环境影响评价中盐分平衡的分析与计算

灌区盐分平衡状态的分析与计算是灌区工程环境影响评价工作中的重要内容之一。通过以临江灌区工程为例,详细分析和计算了该灌区建成前后的盐分平衡状况,为灌区生态与环境保护提供了科学依据。盐分平衡动态过程的分析应建立在灌区水量平衡的基础上,应获取灌区土壤、地表水、地下水、灌区水源水以及灌区排水中的盐分浓度,同时还应获取灌区建成前后化肥使用量变化、地表生物量的累积变化以及生物质中的盐分含量等相关参数。文中所提供的灌区盐分平衡分析与计算方法对丰富农林水利类工程的环境影响评价理论具有参考意义。     

不同再生水灌溉方式对土壤-辣椒系统中细菌群落多样性及病原菌丰度的影响

再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.     

AN EVALUATION OF THE 1997 EDWARDS AQUIFER IRRIGATION SUSPENSION1

ABSTRACT: In early 1997, the Texas Edwards Aquifer Authority implemented a pilot Irrigation Suspension Program with the objectives of increasing springflow and providing relief to municipalities during drought. Irrigators were paid an average of $234 per acre to suspend water use, a price higher than regional land rental rates. Auction theory and program implementation details suggest that the program implementation partially caused inflated bids. The Irrigation Suspension Program is also compared to two alternative programs: (1) subsidizing more efficient irrigation technology and (2) buying land. The irrigation suspension is found to be more cost‐effective relative to subsidizing improved irrigation efficiency because it can be put in place only when aquifer levels are low. Land purchase is a cheaper alternative if the bid levels remain at the levels observed.     

唐山市农业区地下水垂向剖面中硝态氮污染的研究

当今农业地区灌溉施肥引起氮素对地下水的污染已成为人们普遍关注的环境问题.本文结合唐山市农业区的生产实际,应用LEACHN数学模型,对唐山市农业地区灌溉施肥条件下氮素在土壤中的迁移转化进行了模拟计算.所建立的地下水垂向剖面的二维水量水质模型,对典型剖面中地下水的硝态氮污染进行了模拟和分析.计算结果表明,唐山农业区灌溉施肥引起根区以下硝态氮渗漏损失可造成浅层地下水的污染.     

Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China

Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure. We studied the health risks of heavy metals in contaminated food crops irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that there is a substantial buildup of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils, collected from Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils were significantly higher (P相似文献   

碱性矿化水淋洗对土壤盐碱化及小麦生长的影响

为探讨不同矿化度的水对土壤盐渍化的影响及相应的淋洗分数,采用土柱模拟方法,以小麦为指示作物,设计1.0 g/L,1.5 g/L两种矿化度,按3750 m3/hm2灌溉量,分一水、二水两种灌次,秋后进行人工淡水淋洗。结果表明,在半干旱气候条件下,开发碱性矿化水灌溉矿化度不宜超过1.5 g/L,否则有引起碱化的危险。干旱期用碱性矿化水灌溉抗旱时,在同等灌水量的情况下,一水灌溉比二水灌溉积盐轻。各种人工淋洗处理比CK洗盐效果好,其中以等量淋洗综合效益最好。     

天津污灌区苯并（a）芘、荧蒽和菲生态毒性的风险表征

运用概率风险评价方法表征和比较了天津污灌区3种多环芳烃对生物影响的风险性。根据各物质的环境暴露浓度和相应急性毒性值的累计概率分布曲线估计了各物质相对风险性的大小。采用联合概率曲线方式比较了不同暴露概率水平条件下3种多环芳烃的相对风险。结果表明，该地区目前菲的总体风险性高于另两种化合物，苯并（a)芘的总体风险性最低。而低暴露风险条件下（受威胁生物不超过20％），苯并（a)芘的风险较大，菲次之，荧蒽风险相对较低。     

天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project, eastern Saudi Arabia

A multivariate statistical technique, cluster analysis, was used to assess the logged surface water quality at an irrigation project at Al-Fadhley, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The principal idea behind using the technique was to utilize all available hydrochemical variables in the quality assessment including trace elements and other ions which are not considered in conventional techniques for water quality assessments like Stiff and Piper diagrams. Furthermore, the area belongs to an irrigation project where water contamination associated with the use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides is expected. This quality assessment study was carried out on a total of 34 surface/logged water samples. To gain a greater insight in terms of the seasonal variation of water quality, 17 samples were collected from both summer and winter seasons. The collected samples were analyzed for a total of 23 water quality parameters including pH, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, arsenic, boron, copper, cobalt, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, mercury and zinc. Cluster analysis in both Q and R modes was used. Q-mode analysis resulted in three distinct water types for both the summer and winter seasons. Q-mode analysis also showed the spatial as well as temporal variation in water quality. R-mode cluster analysis led to the conclusion that there are two major sources of contamination for the surface/shallow groundwater in the area: fertilizers, micronutrients, pesticides, and insecticides used in agricultural activities, and non-point natural sources.