两株直链烷基苯磺酸钠共代谢降解菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性研究

自深圳某污水处理厂曝气池和二沉池的污泥中分离得到2株通过共代谢机制降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的细菌L-2和L-15。通过生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定细菌L-2和L-15分别为Klebsiella sp.和Enterobacter sp.。研究表明:L-2和L-15以LAS作为唯一碳源时,对其降解率仅有1.1%和5.9%。当添加葡萄糖作生长基质,L-2在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为20∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达94.2%;L-15在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为16∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达92.2%。试验结果说明,筛选得到的2株细菌在共代谢的作用下,可以有效地实现废水中LAS降解。     

1株兼具好、厌氧汞甲基化能力细菌的分离鉴定

从三峡水库重庆段忠县石宝寨消落带土壤中,分离纯化后获得1株在好氧和厌氧条件下均能将Hg2+转化成甲基汞的细菌,经过对该菌株的形态特征、理化特征检测及16S r DNA序列分析,初步鉴定其为γ-变形菌纲的荧光假单胞菌,并命名为Pseudomonas fluorescens XD-Me Hg-B2(Gen Bank登录号:KU954349).通过汞敏感性试验发现该菌对Hg2+极敏感,汞甲基化试验表明,在初始Hg2+浓度为200 ng·L-1的PBS缓冲液中,接种XD-Me Hg-B2对数生长期菌悬液,有氧条件下,30℃孵育60 min后,溶液中甲基汞浓度呈指数增高,并在160 min时达到最大,约为3.85 ng·L-1±0.33 ng·L-1,最大汞甲基化率为1.93%;而在厌氧条件下,XD-Me Hg-B2同样表现出汞甲基化能力,但其甲基汞的生成较好氧处理显著滞后,且汞甲基化转化率较低,在180min左右甲基汞浓度达到最大,为2.86 ng·L-1±0.73 ng·L-1,最大汞甲基化率为1.43%.综上所述,P.fluorescens XDMe Hg-B2是1株对Hg2+极敏感,兼具好、厌氧汞甲基化能力的细菌,可望为消落带土壤汞生物甲基化的机制研究提供候选菌株,从而为深入研究汞生物地球化学循环、以及正确评价三峡水库蓄水运行后可能带来的汞生态风险评价提供理论依据.     

农田土壤产二甲基硫醚(DMS)细菌的筛选及其特性分析

从农田土壤中筛选到4株能在改性基础培养基上以甲硫氨酸为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的产DMS细菌,分别命名为AQ1、BB1、BB2和BB3.通过对其形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,确定4株产DMS细菌分别为硝基还原假单胞菌AQ1(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)、恶臭假单胞菌BB1(Pseudomonas putida)、恶臭假单胞菌BB3(Pseudomonas putida)和附着剑菌BB2(Ensifer adhaerens).研究结果表明,BB3菌株产DMS的能力显著高于其它菌株(p0.05),该菌株在温度为35℃,pH为7.0时,产DMS的能力最强;添加淀粉、硝酸钾和氯化铵显著提高了BB3菌株产DMS的能力,而添加葡萄糖和蔗糖显著抑制了该菌株产DMS的能力(p0.05).     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

基于地震易损性的连续梁桥减隔震方案研究

减隔震措施的合理配置是高速铁路地震经济性目标控制的关键。为了对采用不同减隔震装置的高速铁路连续梁桥抗震性能进行量化研究,基于桥梁系统地震易损性分析,选用4种减隔震方案进行对比分析。4种方案分别为:全桥抗震设计方案（方案1）、全桥双曲面球型隔震支座+粘滞阻尼器方案（方案2）、中墩摩擦摆+边墩普通支座与阻尼器配合方案（方案3）和全桥摩擦摆+边墩阻尼器方案（方案4）。结果表明:高烈度高速铁路桥梁须通过减隔震设计才能满足抗震设防目标,综合经济性和抗震性能2方面因素,方案4有效降低了结构内力响应和位移响应,为所列方案中的最优方案。     

PCB77降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从污染土样中分离出一株多氯联苯(PCBs)降解菌,利用细菌通用引物扩增降解菌的16S rDNA,得到~1 500 bp的片段。经纯化,测序后在Genbank上进行同源性比较分析及系统发育树构建,初步鉴定该菌株为Pseudomonas sp,并用其对PCB77进行降解研究。研究结果表明,该菌株在培养2 d后达到对数生长期,当培养温度为30℃、培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为109cfu/mL、PCB77初始浓度为1.0 mg/L时,微生物对PCB77的降解率为58.63%。微生物对PCB77降解的最适条件为:培养基pH值为7.0、微生物接种量为2×109cfu/mL、外加蔗糖浓度为2.0 g/L、PCB77初始浓度为0.5 mg/L。     

Modeling of explosion dynamics in vessel-pipe systems to evaluate the performance of explosion isolation systems

Explosion isolation systems provide critical protection for interconnected vessels and work areas, preventing the spread of explosions through interconnecting pipes and ducts. These systems not only prevent propagating events, but also mitigate the elevated explosion hazards of interconnected vessels, related to pressure piling and enhanced turbulence. Explosion isolation systems can, however, fail catastrophically when they are not properly designed for a use case.Evaluating the performance of explosion isolation systems includes assessing their pressure resistance, flame-barrier efficacy, and determining appropriate installation distances, which typically requires extensive testing. To predict the performance of a system for use cases outside the tested conditions, models are needed to reliably predict both the explosion dynamics and the isolation system response.In this study, a physics-based model for explosion dynamics in vented vessel-pipe systems is developed and validated. An extensive series of large-scale validation experiments were conducted, including tests using an 8 m³ vessel with attached pipes, varying the pipe dimensions, ignition location, and mixture reactivity. The model accurately captures the effects of experimental parameters and predicts the time available for isolation systems to form a flame barrier. This model can help to predict installation distances and reduce the number of tests needed to comprehensively evaluate explosion isolation systems and their use cases.     

Rapid Increases and Time‐Lagged Declines in Amphibian Occupancy after Wildfire

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of drought and wildfire. Aquatic and moisture‐sensitive species, such as amphibians, may be particularly vulnerable to these modified disturbance regimes because large wildfires often occur during extended droughts and thus may compound environmental threats. However, understanding of the effects of wildfires on amphibians in forests with long fire‐return intervals is limited. Numerous stand‐replacing wildfires have occurred since 1988 in Glacier National Park (Montana, U.S.A.), where we have conducted long‐term monitoring of amphibians. We measured responses of 3 amphibian species to fires of different sizes, severity, and age in a small geographic area with uniform management. We used data from wetlands associated with 6 wildfires that burned between 1988 and 2003 to evaluate whether burn extent and severity and interactions between wildfire and wetland isolation affected the distribution of breeding populations. We measured responses with models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate occupancy during prefire (0–4 years) and different postfire recovery periods. For the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) and Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris), occupancy was not affected for 6 years after wildfire. But 7–21 years after wildfire, occupancy for both species decreased ≥25% in areas where >50% of the forest within 500 m of wetlands burned. In contrast, occupancy of the boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tripled in the 3 years after low‐elevation forests burned. This increase in occupancy was followed by a gradual decline. Our results show that accounting for magnitude of change and time lags is critical to understanding population dynamics of amphibians after large disturbances. Our results also inform understanding of the potential threat of increases in wildfire frequency or severity to amphibians in the region. Incrementos Rápidos y Declinaciones Desfasadas en la Ocupación de Anfibios Después de un Incendio     

基于平均法的金属橡胶隔振器非线性振动特性研究

目的研究金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性振动特性和机理。方法建立该金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性动力学模型,利用平均法推导出系统的自由振动运动方程和在简谐激励下的受迫振动幅频响应方程,通过数值计算分析影响隔振系统位移传递率的因素。随后设计一种结构紧凑的金属橡胶隔振器,通过静压试验得到加载卸载迟滞回线,利用拟合方法建立金属橡胶的指数型刚度模型。该模型在相同拟合效果下参数较少,将指数型非线性刚度模型代入到振动方程中进行求解,得到理论幅频响应曲线。同时,进行金属橡胶隔振系统的正弦扫频试验,得到不同振动幅值下的实测传递率幅频响应,与理论计算结果进行对比。结果拟合参数与系统的振动特性相关,拟合参数k_(1)越大,系统共振频率越低,拟合参数k_(2)越大,系统共振频率越高。理论计算与试验结果共振频率的误差最大为2.1%,放大倍数最大误差为17.1%。该理论方法可以较为准确地计算出隔振系统的共振频率、共振放大倍数以及非线性振动的跳跃现象。结论该方法可以较为准确地通过金属橡胶隔振器的静压试验数据预估出金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性振动特性,对于金属橡胶隔振设计具有一定的应用价值。     

Profiles of cuticular hydrocarbons mediate male mate choice and sexual isolation between hybridising <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysochus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary. Chemical signals frequently underlie sexual isolation between insect species. Our understanding of the evolutionary forces influencing these signaling systems is known for very few systems, challenging both our efforts to understand insect speciation, and our ability to predict long-term changes in the chemical communication systems of insects. Thus, we are in need of more systems in which both the chemical signals causing sexual isolation and the evolutionary forces driving sexual isolation are understood. Sexual isolation in the hybrid zone between Chrysochus cobaltinus and C. auratus has apparently increased in response to natural selection against hybridisation (i.e. reinforcement). Previous experiments suggested that this isolation was due, at least in part, to male preferences for conspecific females. Here, we confirm this role of male choice, and document that male mate choice in this system is influenced by cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. Specifically, male C. cobaltinus responses to control cadavers and conspecific female cadavers painted with different cuticular hexane extracts, together with analyses of the composition of those extracts, revealed that male mate choice is governed by CHC profiles. Multivariate analyses of GC profiles demonstrated that those profiles are indeed both sex- and species-specific. Although GC-MS enabled identification and quantification of the specific cuticular hydrocarbons, we have not yet determined which individual compounds govern mate choice. Having established that CHCs influence sexual isolation in this system, we can now assess the evolutionary lability of these cues, which will inform both our understanding of speciation, and of the conditions under which the chemical signaling systems that influence mate choice in insects can evolve.