珠江三角洲酸雨及其造成的农作物损失的研究

探讨了珠江三角洲酸雨高发的原因，并估算了珠江三角洲因酸雨和ＳＯ２污染而造成的农作物的经济损失。     

大型水电工程地质环境质量损益经济评价研究

大型水电工程建设是社会基础性的大投资，具有发电、供水、防洪、航运及养殖等多种效益，但同时又对地质环境带来一定程度的损害。本文从水电工程与地质环境的相互关系出发，建立了分析评价指标体系和评价模型，就大型水电工程地质环境质量损益的经济评价提出了自己的看法。     

Factors affecting N and P losses from small catchments (Lithuania)

Most of the important factors causing differences in nutrient losses and their interaction were analysed in three small catchments that are located in partially different geographic and climatic conditions in Lithuania. The investigation revealed that climatic factors change the amount and pattern of water discharge over year (larger water discharge during winter in the catchment located closer to the sea), but nutrient leaching is more dependent on land use. Agricultural factors, such as larger cultivated area and excessive fertilisation in one catchment cause larger nitrogen losses (15 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). Large area of non-intensively used grassland leads to very small nitrogen losses (5.7 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) in another catchment. However, larger water discharge combined with loamy sandy soils leads to comparatively high nitrogen losses (12 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). The highest P losses (0.318 kg P ha^–1 year^–1) occurred in the catchment with hilly relief and clay soil texture. In summary, extensive agriculture in the post-Soviet countries has reduced the importance of agricultural activity for the extent of nutrient losses and agricultural factors (cultivation, fertilisation and livestock density) are responsible for the losses only in the region of sufficient agricultural activity (N input – 71.5 kg N ha^–1, livestock density – 0.87 LU ha^–1).     

上海地区台风灾害损失评估

台风是一种生成于热带或副热带洋面上的破坏性很强的天气系统。历史上台风对上海曾造成较大的影响和经济损失。利用上海气象站风、雨观测资料、上海基础地理信息数据、上海社会和经济数据以及台风灾情资料,利用逐步回归方法建立了上海台风灾害损失评估模型,并开展了上海台风灾损的年际变化和地区分布差异评价。结果表明建立的台风灾害损失评估模型可以用来进行台风灾损评估。近50 a来上海台风灾损度的变化趋势不明显,上海地区因台风影响造成的损失以沿海的崇明、南汇最严重,其次是地势低洼的青浦、金山和松江,中心城区和闵行台风灾损最低。由于历史台风灾情资料记载的不完整性和本评估未充分考虑上海社会经济发展及自然灾害防御能力的提高对台风灾损的影响,评估结果还具有一定的不确定性。深入综合考虑台风灾害致灾性和当地社会经济发展变化,建立更科学的台风灾害损失评估模型,是今后的研究方向     

喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中径流产污特征

降雨径流产生的非点源污染是地下水污染的重要来源,喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙养分流失是造成该地区地下水污染的关键因素.通过模拟喀斯特坡耕地地下孔(裂)隙特征,采用人工模拟降雨和室内分析相结合的方法,研究浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中降雨径流产污特征.结果表明:喀斯特坡耕地地下径流产污是一个极其复杂的过程,微度(1%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地径流全氮、全磷和全钾流失量随雨强变化不明显,全氮和全磷流失量均在70 mm·h-1雨强达到最大值;轻度(3%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷流失量在雨强50 mm·h-1时达到最大值;中度(5%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷、全钾流失量则在雨强为90 mm·h-1时达到最大值;各孔(裂)隙发育条件下的全氮、全磷、全钾养分流失量对坡度的响应不明显,轻度发育下的全氮和全磷流失量最大,在中度发育条件下,坡耕地土壤中全钾流失总量最大;不同雨强、坡度条件下的地下径流全氮、全磷和全钾次产污模数随地下孔(裂)隙度变化亦不明显,其中全氮次产污模数在4.38~58.72 mg·h-1·m-2,全磷在0.16~3.15 mg·h-1·m-2,全钾在0.16~3.03 mg·h-1·m-2范围变化.     

山东省水环境污染的经济损失研究

通过对区域水污染经济损失核算方法的研究，采用恢复费用法估算山东省1997—1999年的水污染损失。山东省年均水污染损失占GDP的0．38％；其中淮河流域的年均污染损失最大。占总损失量的66．82％；单位水量的污染损失以海河流域最大，为0．43元／m^3；淮河、海河流域由于水污染，工农业增加的水处理成本占其工农业总产值的比例分别为0．43％和1．34％。结果表明，山东省由于水污染造成的经济损失已经影响到了山东省的经济发展。     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明:自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥(T0)条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕(T2)处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹(T1)与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮(TN)平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%...     

100-years of Australian bushfire property losses: Is the risk significant and is it increasing?

This study examines the bushfire (wildland fire) risk to the built environment in Australia. The most salient result is that the annual probability of building destruction has remained almost constant over the last century despite large demographic and social changes as well as improvements in fire fighting technique and resources. Most historical losses have taken place in a few extreme fires which if repeated are likely to overwhelm even the most professional of fire services. We also calculate the average annual probability of a random home on the urban–bushland interface being destroyed by a bushfire to be of the order of 1 in 6500, a factor 6.5 times lower than the ignition probability of a structural house fire. Thus on average and if this risk was perceived rationally, the incentive for individual homeowners to mitigate and reduce the bushfire danger even further is low. This being the case and despite predictions of an increasing likelihood of conditions favouring bushfires under global climate change, we suspect that building losses due to bushfires are unlikely to alter materially in the near future.     

Group decision-making for leakage management strategy of water network

The problem of leakage is complex and requires actions drawn from different aspects of water network management. Inadequate maintenance has serious consequences, both financial and environmental. This paper proposes a group decision-making model based on PROMETHEE V method to aim a leakage management strategy, which takes into account the points of view of four stakeholders, selecting feasible options, and considering the available budget as constraint. Thus, this strategy is the combination of options that will efficiently meet technical, socio-economic and environmental criteria to achieve sustainable development.     

暴雨洪涝灾害对社会经济和人民生活的影响分析

自然灾害的发生不仅给人类社会造成直接的损害，还具有极强的后效效应，本文以分析暴雨洪涝灾害对我国国民经济和灾区经济的影响情况，揭示了暴雨洪涝灾害对社会经济发生的短期和长期影响特征。