水喷淋液滴的动力学参数研究

本文详细介绍了喷淋液滴的一些动力学参数:(1)液滴动量喷淋的最大动量和体积流量与流量系数有关.水流碰到溅水盘和盘臂后,动量减少,其动量减少量约63%.(2)液滴粒径分布当液滴直径小于平均体积直径DV50时,分布符合log-normal分布,当液滴直径大于DV50时,分布符合Rosin-Rammler分布.(3)水流量分布对不同的喷头,其水量分布是不同的.有的喷头水流量沿径向逐渐降低,有的喷头中心地带流量最高.(4)液滴路径分析液滴越大,自由沉降速度越大,水平通过的距离越大.最后对喷头的进一步发展进行展望.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

Po-210 and Pb-210 as atmospheric tracers and global atmospheric Pb-210 fallout: a review

Over the past ∼5 decades, the distribution of ²²²Rn and its progenies (mainly ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi and ²¹⁰Po) have provided a wealth of information as tracers to quantify several atmospheric processes that include: i) source tracking and transport time scales of air masses; ii) the stability and vertical movement of air masses iii) removal rate constants and residence times of aerosols; iv) chemical behavior of analog species; and v) washout ratios and deposition velocities of aerosols. Most of these applications require that the sources and sink terms of these nuclides are well characterized.Utility of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi and ²¹⁰Po as atmospheric tracers requires that data on the ²²²Rn emanation rates is well documented. Due to low concentrations of ²²⁶Ra in surface waters, the ²²²Rn emanation rates from the continent is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the ocean. This has led to distinctly higher ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in continental air masses compared to oceanic air masses. The highly varying concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb in air as well the depositional fluxes have yielded insight on the sources and transit times of aerosols. In an ideal enclosed air mass (closed system with respect to these nuclides), the residence times of aerosols obtained from the activity ratios of ²¹⁰Pb/²²²Rn, ²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb are expected to agree with each other, but a large number of studies have indicated discordance between the residence times obtained from these three pairs. Recent results from the distribution of these nuclides in size-fractionated aerosols appear to yield consistent residence time in smaller-size aerosols, possibly suggesting that larger size aerosols are derived from resuspended dust. The residence times calculated from the ²¹⁰Pb/²²²Rn, ²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb activity ratios published from 1970’s are compared to those data obtained in size-fractionated aerosols in this decade and possible reasons for the discordance is discussed with some key recommendations for future studies.The existing global atmospheric inventory data of ²¹⁰Pb is re-evaluated and a ‘global curve’ for the depositional fluxes of ²¹⁰Pb is established. A current global budget for atmospheric ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb is also established. The relative importance of dry fallout of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb at different latitudes is evaluated. The global values for the deposition velocities of aerosols using ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb are synthesized.     

Image Themes and Frames in US Print News Stories about Climate Change

Research on frames in climate change (CC) news coverage has advanced substantially over the past decade, but the emerging understanding of the framing role of visual imagery that often accompanies news texts remains fragmented. We report on a set of image frames identified through content analysis of 350 images associated with 200 news articles from 11 US newspaper and magazine sources from 1969 through late 2009. We reliably identified and quantified the occurrence of 118 image themes. We then hierarchically clustered the themes based on their co-occurrence in images to identify an integrated framework of 42 image frames. We highlight frames associated with particular types of images (e.g., photographs and maps) or geographic regions. From among the full set of frames, we identify 15 that commonly appear in US CC news imagery and discuss the ways in which image frames make salient (or render invisible) particular categories of people, geographic regions, aspects of science, and spheres of activity.     

放射性环境中优势细菌对水泥砂浆的腐蚀影响

微生物腐蚀是指由微生物或其代谢产物所引起的材料破坏和恶化。为了研究放射性环境土壤中优势微生物对水泥砂浆腐蚀的影响,以湖南铀尾矿场址土壤中富集培养筛选的优势细菌菌群作为砂浆试件的腐蚀质,采用浸泡腐蚀的方式,通过测试特定腐蚀龄期砂浆试件的质量损失、强度损失、碳化深度,并采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪进行微观分析,来研究微生物对砂浆的腐蚀作用。结果表明:随腐蚀龄期增长,细菌试验组的试件抗压强度明显低于无菌对照组,腐蚀龄期为168 d时,细菌试验组的抗压耐腐蚀系数降到0.86,而无菌对照组在0.9以上;细菌试验组质量损失率和碳化深度均高于无菌对照组,腐蚀龄期为168 d时,细菌试验组碳化深度达2.0 mm,是无菌对照组的2倍;微观结构显示,有细菌存在的条件下更易生成钙矾石晶体,从而影响砂浆的力学性能及耐久性。研究表明,优势细菌的存在能加速水泥砂浆的腐蚀。     

危岩体断裂特性的网格重构数值仿真研究

危岩体稳定是三峡库区的主要关注点之一.为探究不同裂纹赋存形态以及不同降雨工况下危岩体断裂的变形特性,基于围道积分原理,在Abaqus平台上利用Python语言开发了基于断裂力学理论的危岩体任意裂纹扩展的网格重构数值模拟方法,该方法与以往危岩体裂纹扩展数值模拟方法相比,能够体现危岩体裂纹尖端的断裂力学特征,实现连续介质中...     

多媒体3S综合集成技术及在环境科学中的应用

从集成概念出发,提出了３Ｓ综合集成的概念,分析了三种多媒体３Ｓ综合集成系统的体系结构,并给出了多媒体３Ｓ综合集成系统实现的几个实用技术,最后分析了多媒体３Ｓ综合集成技术在环境科学中的一些应用。     

废水生物处理中生物膜的形成及动力学模型研究进展

综述了生物膜法处理废水中生物膜的形成及其动力学模型。概述了反应器中微生物的固定化即生物膜的形成过程;影响生物膜形成的因素,生物膜的结构及其对生物膜中生化反应和传质过程的影响;并叙述了几种典型的生物膜模型;提出生物膜法废水处理以后的研究重点。      

多孔介质中微塑料的环境行为研究进展

微塑料的环境污染问题已成为当前国内外研究的前沿热点之一,近年来土壤和地下水系统中微塑料的环境行为研究得到越来越多的关注.在论述多孔介质中微塑料来源和危害的基础上,聚焦国内外学者在微塑料环境行为方面的研究,综合评述了微塑料稳定性及其在多孔介质中运移行为的最新进展,重点介绍了物理、化学和生物三方面因素的影响及作用机制.从微塑料对其他污染物之间的吸附/解吸作用以及共运移行为两个方面汇总分析了微塑料和其他污染物间相互作用的最新研究进展.今后需要在不同类型微塑料、多因素耦合效应以及微塑料与微生物之间的相互作用等方面进一步深入研究,以期系统掌握多孔介质中微塑料的运移行为及作用机制.     

曝气生物滤池去除污染物的机理研究

曝气生物滤池具有体积小、处理效率高、出水水质好、流程简单的优点,最大特点是使用了一种新型粒状填料．它的去除机理主要有过滤、吸附和生物代谢．填料高度对去除效果有很大影响．研究结果表明,去除率同填料高度成正相关,最上层的３７ｃｍ 厚滤料去除污染物的效果最好,该处的ＳＳ、ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＮＨ３Ｎ和ＴＮ的去除率分别为７０％ 、８２５％ 、６６９５％ 、５３６％ 和５０２％ ．