Mechanistic aspects of the thermal formation of halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins. Part V†: Hypotheses and summary

The hypotheses on the de novo syntheses of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), based on known literature, are presented. Polychlorinated benzenes and polychlorinated phenols are probably key intermediates.

In the present article, hypotheses that may account for the presence of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) in the effluents from municipal and industrial incinerators are put forward. These hypotheses are based on the previously surveyed literature (Ref. 203–206) and experimental results on laboratory scale and thermodynamic calculations are considered. The interconnections of various reaction steps are speculative and no technological information was added to account for conditions in real incinerators. Conclusion of the discussions on the related subject matter, presented in the Parts I‐IV (Ref. 203–206), are also described in this paper.     

Rainwater composition as a function of the cloud type

The influence of the type of clouds that produce precipitation in the rainwater composition was analyzed. Logroño, a remote station in the North of Spain was chosen for the analyses. Results prove that the rainwater composition from Cumulonimbus is different to the composition of the rainwater from the other clouds. In addition, the source of NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? is studied in the different types of clouds. It is shown that the source is the soil except Stratocumulus formed from Cumulus in which the source is the gas‐particle conversion.     

基于灰色聚类法的地铁运营安全趋势分析

为评估地铁运营安全水平,掌握地铁运营风险变化趋势,采用灰色聚类法对某地铁线路运营一年以来每个月份的安全水平进行了分级评价。选取对地铁日常运营具有重要影响的设备设施故障作为评价指标,评价方法挖掘地铁运营以来的历史数据信息,体现了设备设施故障变化的时间特性,减少了安全评价中的主观性。将地铁运营安全水平分为五个安全等级,选取15%、35%、50%、65%、85%作为各安全等级的累积百分频率特征点,建立白化权函数得到各评价指标的灰类白化值。结合各设备设施的指标权重,得到了地铁线路运营一年来每个月份的安全等级情况。该方法为分析地铁运营安全趋势提供了参考。     

Mesoscale circulation in the surface layer off the southern and western Sardinia Island in 2000–2002

Five oceanographic cruises were organized in the Sardinian Sea and Channel in May 2000, March 2001, September 2001, May 2002, and November 2002 to study the characterization of the water masses, Atlantic Water (AW) and Winter Intermediate Water (WIW), and their mesoscale variability. In the Sardinian Channel, an Algerian anticyclonic Eddy (AE) was observed in May 2000, along the Tunisian coast. This induced a greater minimum salinity in a wider and deeper layer than in November 2002, when no AE was observed. Some WIW was observed below it; nevertheless, no link could be established between AEs and WIW occurrences. In the Sardinian Sea, two AEs were observed during spring 2000, and a further two during spring 2002. One AE strongly influenced shelf circulation, in contrast to the other three that were off the continental slope. In the same area, during the end of September 2001, a vertical salinity inversion occurred in the first 30–50 m of depth over the whole sampling field, and a W–NW wind induced a coastal upwelling over the western Sardinian coast (south of 41° N). This upwelling increased the salinity from ～20 to 30 m below the surface to the surface and, thereby led to a lower salinity close to the coast than offshore. This was in contrast to a classical upwelling. Consequently, in the Sardinian Sea, the general circulation, mainly driven by AEs, can meet the coastal wind-driven circulation.     

影响中国碳排放绩效的区域特征研究——基于熵值法的聚类分析

论文选择影响碳排放绩效的主要指标,基于熵值法确定各指标权重,采用系统聚类分析的方法,以中国省域为研究对象,将全国分为7类区域。分析结果显示:区域分工特征是造成目前中国省级碳排放绩效区域差异的主要影响因素,其次是高碳产业工艺特征和能源结构特征,而经济结构对解释省级碳排放绩效区域差异的贡献有限。北方地区高碳产品生产份额高且工艺水平相对低,能源消费中极高的煤炭比例加重了负面影响,造成其二氧化碳排放绩效水平低,特别是华北地区;近年来东南沿海地区高碳产业也逐步增加,但由于其工艺先进,在一定程度上抵消了高碳产品份额高的负面影响;中西部地区目前高碳产品份额虽然低于东部地区,但工艺水平也低,造成了其低水平的二氧化碳排放绩效。由于各省历史发展、自然资源禀赋、区域分工角色等因素不同,且遵从经济宏观发展客观规律和经济区位理论,除了少数发达地区之外,中国其他区域短时间内很难改变其经济和能源结构,低碳政策制定的重点应放在提高高碳产业工艺水平方面。     

石家庄地区雾霾天气下云滴和云凝结核的分布特征

2009年5~10月在石家庄地区对雾霾天气下的近地面到高空的云雾滴和云凝结核(CCN)进行了7架次飞机探测.利用PMS云粒子测量仪器、机载温湿仪和连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪获得的云雾粒子和云凝结核(CCN)探测资料,分析了层积云(Sc)和高积云(Ac)中云粒子浓度、液态含水量、粒子算术平均直径和粒子有效平均直径的垂直分布特征;分析了CCN垂直和水平分布特征以及谱分布.结果表明雾霾天气状况下,云滴数浓度在102个/cm3量级上.高云粒子粒径总体大于低云粒子.云含水量平均值范围为0.03~0.14g/m3;地面到600 m高度内, CCN值的平均值为3034cm-3(过饱和度S=0.3%).对CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明石家庄属于典型大陆性核谱,云对CCN有消耗作用,逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

干旱扬水灌区土地资源承载状态演变分析

为解决干旱扬水灌区土地资源承载状态受多因素耦合影响而难以定量化描述的难题.本文以景电一期灌区为例,基于多级模糊评价理论构建评价指标体系,引入解决复杂系统模糊性及不确定性具有特有优势的云模型,结合黄金分割率法与云发生器原理集成了评语集标准云模型与状态层隶属度云模型,以组合赋权算法求解了指标权重,最终以云数字特征的形式对灌区1994年、2002年、2010年及2018年的土地资源承载状态进行了定量表述.结果表明:灌区各时期土地资源承载状态综合评价云分别为C₁(0.3175,0.0728,0.0131)、C₂(0.5846,0.0418,0.0117)、C₃(0.5315,0.0379,0.0098)、C₄(0.7045,0.0614,0.0144).结合云相似度分布特征可知,各时期土地资源承载状态分别为"轻微承载"、"临界承载"、"临界承载"及"承载安全".可知灌区土地资源承载状态自1994年—2018年主要经历了3个演变阶段,即1994—2002年为"快速改善期"、2002—2010年为"环境损伤期"、2010—2018年为"健康恢复期".该方法可为指导研究区及相似研究区寻求生产需求与生态保护之间的平衡机制提供有益参考.     

泰山云雾水中多环芳烃的特征与来源分析

于2008年10月18日~11月26日在泰山采集云雾水样品,分析了泰山云雾水中PAHs的含量特征及其与气象条件和pH值、电导的相互关系.结果表明,泰山云雾水中菲含量最多,芴和苊的含量次之;云雾水样品中PAHs浓度与气温有很好的相关性.应用特征分子比值法和因子分析法对云雾水中PAHs的来源进行解析,得出泰山云雾水中PAHs的主要来源为煤炭燃烧源,石油源的贡献相对较小.     

危险废物焚烧设施二噁英类排放特征及周边土壤污染调查

调查了13座不同类型的危险废物焚烧设施及二噁英类排放模式及部分设施土壤的污染水平.结果表明,排放浓度同焚烧处理量没有显著的关系.4—6氯代PCDD/Fs和7—8氯代PCDD/Fs呈现出了不同的排放特征.4—6氯代PCDF/PCDD比值为60.58±1.98(95%置信区间),较通用的总PCDF/总PCDD比值更适于描述危险废物焚烧设施二噁英排放的特征.使用PCA及聚类分析方法将设施排放模式归类为3种模式.分布模式同焚烧设施炉型、处理量以及尾气处理方式等因素相关性并不显著.2,3,4,7,8PeCDF对I-TEQ的贡献为35%—45%,并与I-TEQ具有很高的相关性.厂区土壤中二噁英浓度水平约为8—14ngI-TEQ.kg-1,周边土壤浓度为1—4ngI-TEQ.kg-1左右,均处于较低水平,调查设施周边土壤的使用目前尚无明显风险.危险废物设施对周边土壤的环境风险需要进一步评估.     

硫酸介质中高锰酸钾氧化降解非离子表面活性剂Tween-80动力学研究

应用光谱法研究了硫酸介质中,高锰酸钾氧化降解非离子表面活性剂Tween-80(聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯)的动力学性质,探讨了高锰酸钾和硫酸浓度,以及反应温度对氧化降解过程的影响,结果表明,氧化降解反应的速率常数(k)随着硫酸浓度的增大而增大,但却随着高锰酸钾浓度的增大而减小;温度对反应速率常数的影响,较好地遵循阿累尼乌斯公式.通过对反应混合物浊点变化的分析,说明了非离子表面活性剂Tween-80分子中存在活性较高的氧乙烯结构单元,是其被高锰酸钾氧化降解的根本原因.