Application of chemometric analysis based on physicochemical and chromatographic data for the differentiation origin of plant protection products containing chlorpyrifos

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the pesticide samples in form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) formulation containing chlorpyrifos as active ingredient coming from different sources (i.e., shops and wholesales) and also belonging to various series. The results obtained by the Headspace Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry method and also some selected physicochemical properties of examined pesticides including pH, density, stability, active ingredient and water content in pesticides tested were compared using two chemometric methods. Applicability of simple cluster analysis and also principal component analysis of obtained data in differentiation of examined plant protection products coming from different sources was confirmed. It would be advantageous in the routine control of originality and also in the detection of counterfeit pesticides, respectively, among commercially available pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient.     

Temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud

Knowledge of the mechanism of combustion zone propagation during dust explosion is of great importance to prevent damage caused by accidental dust explosions. In this study, the temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud is measured experimentally by a thermocouple to elucidate the propagation mechanism. The measured temperature starts to increase slowly at a position about 5 mm ahead of the leading edge of the combustion zone, increases quickly at a position about 3 mm ahead of the leading edge, reaches a maximum value near the end of the combustion zone, and then decreases. As the iron particle concentration increases, the maximum temperature increases at lower concentration, takes a maximum value, and then decreases at higher concentration. The relation between the propagation velocity of the combustion zone and the maximum temperature is also examined. It is found that the propagation velocity has a linear relationship with the maximum temperature. This result suggests that the conductive heat transfer is dominant in the propagation process of the combustion zone through an iron particle cloud.     

胶束毛细管电动色谱法研究兰属品种间的亲缘关系

用胶束毛细管电动色谱技术对兰属植物的种质资源多样性及品种间的亲缘关系进行研究．１３个兰属品种的ＣＥ－ＳＤＳ电泳图谱中，共出现３４个蛋白质标记峰，全部为多态性峰，每个样品均有１～２个主峰．邻体聚类结果与形态学分类结果不完全一致．种间的亲缘关系与传统的形态学分类法一致，但建兰种内各品种的聚类不明显     

Assessing the strength of climate and land-use influences on montane epiphyte communities

Epiphytes, air plants that are structurally dependent on trees, are a keystone group in tropical forests; they support the food and habitat needs of animals and influence water and nutrient cycles. They reach peak diversity in humid montane forests. Climate predictions for Central American mountains include increased temperatures, altered precipitation seasonality, and increased cloud base heights, all of which may challenge epiphytes. Although remaining montane forests are highly fragmented, many tropical agricultural systems include trees that host epiphytes, allowing epiphyte communities to persist even in landscapes with lower forest connectivity. I used structural equations models to test the relative effects of climate, land use, tree characteristics, and biotic interactions on vascular epiphyte diversity with data from 31 shade coffee farms and 2 protected forests in northern Nicaragua. I also tested substrate preferences of common species with randomization tests. Tree size, tree diversity, and climate all affected epiphyte richness, but the effect of climate was almost entirely mediated by bryophyte cover. Bryophytes showed strong sensitivity to mean annual temperature and insolation. Many ferns and some orchids were positively associated with bryophyte mats, whereas bromeliads tended to establish among lichen or on bare bark. The tight relationships between bryophytes and climate and between bryophytes and vascular epiphytes indicated that relatively small climate changes could result in rapid, cascading losses of montane epiphyte communities. Currently, shade coffee farms can support high bryophyte cover and diverse vascular epiphyte assemblages when larger, older trees are present. Agroforests serve as valuable reservoirs for epiphyte biodiversity and may be important early-warning systems as the climate changes.     

球罐内甲烷气体泄漏形成的可燃气云规律研究

基于计算流动动力学(CFD)方法,以Fluent软件为平台,以大连新港某球罐区为研究对象,建立真实尺寸的球罐内可燃气体泄漏扩散数值模拟模型,分析甲烷扩散规律及可燃气云尺度.提出采用可燃气云稳定状态时的水平方向长度Lmax、竖直方向高度Dmax作为尺度的衡量参数,用以评估可燃气云区域的大小.探讨初始压力、泄漏孔径、正风向风速对尺度参数Lmax和Dmax的影响规律,并对比可燃气体种类对尺度参数的影响.结果表明:甲烷以临界状态通过泄漏孔时,初始压力对Lmax和Dmax的影响可以忽略;Lmax和Dmax随泄漏孔径增加而线性增大,但随正风向风速增加而线性减小;相同泄漏扩散条件下,氢气泄漏引起的可燃气云范围最大,甲烷次之,丙烷最小.     

京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究

通过采用全球再分析格点资料的统计分析和WRF中尺度数值模拟,从天气学和大气边界层气象学角度分析了2013年12月和2014年2月两次重污染过程中京津冀地区天气尺度大气停滞气象条件和大气污染扩散气象条件的特征及其作用,并根据WRF模式精细化模拟结果分析了太行山和燕山对京津冀地区城市大气污染形成的作用.研究结果表明,两次重污染天气过程中京津冀地区500 h Pa等压面上的平均风速均表现为明显的气候异常特征,500 h Pa平均风速较近10年同期分别下降了约30.8%和50.4%,大气停滞系数较近5年同期分别偏高10%和20%以上;京津冀地区发生严重污染时,WRF模式模拟的日平均混合层高度低于200 m,日平均地面10 m风速低于2 m·s-1,日平均通风量可降低到1000 m2·s-1以下,空气质量指数与日平均通风量成负相关,重污染期间的平均通风量比近5年同期平均通风量偏低29.3%~52.8%,这些不利于污染扩散的天气条件持续数日,导致了重污染天气的发生.此外,太行山对西风气流的阻挡是河北中南部地区大气污染加剧的一个重要原因,而当主导风向为偏南风时,偏南气流遇燕山后或转向回流、或爬坡,导致近地面风速减小,不利于污染物扩散,亦加剧了京津冀地区中南部城市的大气污染.     

珠江三角洲区域污染分布及其垂直风场特征

基于2014年4月~2015年3月珠江三角洲(珠三角)56个环境监测子站以及9个城市的逐时PM2.5浓度数据,对珠三角地区的颗粒物污染进行了系统聚类分析和相关性分析.结果表明,珠三角地区PM2.5的区域污染可分为3种类区,一为东莞、广州、佛山以及江门(Ⅰ型);二为中山、珠海、深圳、惠州(Ⅱ型);三为肇庆单独为一类(Ⅲ型).其在一年中所出现的天数分别为47、7和128 d.Ⅰ型污染时,除珠海、深圳和惠州外,其他城市的PM2.5浓度普遍较高;Ⅱ型污染时,整个珠三角地区的PM2.5浓度均要高于50.0μg·m-3;Ⅲ型污染时,PM2.5浓度较高的区域主要集中在肇庆、广州以及佛山地区.同时利用珠三角地区4台主要的风廓线雷达数据研究3种污染类型所对应的垂直风场特征发现:Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型污染状况所对应的风廓线相似,低层受东南风控制,高层为西南风,Ⅲ型的风速大于Ⅰ型风速,而Ⅱ型污染时的风速明显大于其他两种类型,其低层几乎均受偏北风影响,而高层则受偏西风的影响.Ⅱ型污染所对应的边界层中低层的风向变化很小,而其他两类则有一定的变化.同时Ⅱ型的通风量要明显大于其他两种类型,其中Ⅰ型的通风量最小.珠三角受偏北风作用时,整个珠三角的PM2.5浓度较高;当盛行东南风时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的PM2.5浓度相对较低,而Ⅲ区的污染相对较重.     

Risk quantification framework of hydride-based hydrogen storage systems for light-duty vehicles

This study aims to develop a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework for on-board hydrogen storage systems in light-duty fuel cell vehicles, with focus on hazards from potential vehicular collision affecting hydride-based hydrogen storage vessels. Sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH₄) has been selected as a representative reversible hydride for hydrogen storage. Functionality of QRA framework is demonstrated by presenting a case study of a postulated vehicle collision (VC) involving the onboard hydrogen storage system. An event tree (ET) model is developed for VC as the accident initiating event. For illustrative purposes, a detailed FT model is developed for hydride dust cloud explosion as part of the accident progress. Phenomenologically-driven ET branch probabilities are estimated based on an experimental program performed for this purpose. Safety-critical basic events (BE) in the FT model are determined using conventional risk importance measures. The Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) technique has been employed to propagate the aleatory (i.e., stochastic) and epistemic (i.e., phenomenological) uncertainties associated with the probabilistic ET and FT models. Extrapolation of the proposed QRA framework and its core risk-informed insights to other candidate on-board reversible and off-board regenerable hydrogen storage systems could provide better understanding of risk consequences and mitigation options associated with employing this hydrogen-based technology in the transportation sector.     

Thermal radiation from vapour cloud explosions

The current study estimates the radiation flux emitted from hot extended gas clouds characteristic of vapour cloud explosions along with the corresponding level of irradiance posed on particles suspended in the unburnt part of the cloud ahead of an advancing flame front. The data presented permits an assessment of the plausibility of combustion initiation by such particles due to forward thermal radiation. The thermal radiation will depend on the emissivity of the burned volume, which relates to the concentration of gaseous and particulate combustion products. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to account for variations in the equivalence ratio, mixture pressure and radiative heat losses. The spatial distribution of irradiance ahead of the flame front has been computed by introducing appropriate geometrical factors to explore the impact of cloud size. Using fuel rich ethylene-air mixtures it has been shown that high flame emissivities can be achieved at path lengths of order 1 m even in the presence of very low soot volume fractions. The emissivity of gas-soot mixtures will hence be mainly determined by the soot concentration and to a lesser extent by the mixture temperature. Our analysis suggests that the role of forward thermal radiation as a contributing factor to flame propagation in large scale vapour cloud explosions can not currently be ruled out.     

资源型城市大气环境质量灰色聚类分析与评价

以阜新市为例,研究资源型城市转型期的大气环境质量状况。根据阜新市2006~2010年大气环境监测数据,运用灰色聚类法,对该市"十一五"期间大气环境质量污染现状进行评价,并综合分析大气质量变化的原因。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区转型期的大气环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明:阜新市大气环境质量在2006~2010年间明显好转,主要呈Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,其中2006年和2007年大气环境质量较差,主要污染物为降尘和SO2;2008年降尘量开始显著下降,PM10、SO2和NO2也呈逐步下降的趋势,说明阜新市经济转型对大气环境质量具有改善作用,棚户区改造和采煤区综合整治也是好转的原因和影响因素。