世博会期间上海市大气挥发性有机物排放强度及污染来源研究

基于VOCs在线观测数据,对世博会期间（2010年5月1日～10月31日）上海大气VOCs的排放进行了估算;采用后向轨迹模型和聚类分析法,研究了不同大气污染输送通道下上海市空气质量和观测站点VOCs的变化;基于受体模型对上海市城区大气VOCs进行了污染来源解析.结果表明,世博会期间,上海市每小时排放的VOCs导致大气中VOCs浓度的增加量为（5.98±3.18）×10-9,该值比2009年同期低1×10-9左右.世博会期间,上海大气主要受偏东方向气流的影响,所占比例超过40%;其次是偏西风（25%）;偏南和偏北风共占约20%.受同一大气输送通道影响,观测点VOCs浓度与上海API值呈正相关,R2=0.599.受西北方向大气输送通道影响,本市空气质量最差,API值在70左右;其次是西南方向大气输送通道,API值在60以上;当本市大气受东面海洋上空输送气团的影响时,API〈50,空气质量为优.世博会期间,与机动车有关的排放最大,包括尾气和油气挥发,对上海大气VOCs的贡献约40%;其次是生产工艺和燃煤等工业排放,占30%～40%;溶剂涂料使用导致的排放约20%;夏季天然源排放的贡献在6%左右,也不容忽视.     

城市非点源污染的主要来源及分类控制对策

土地利用方式是影响流域水质的主要因素,加强土地利用管理是提高流域水环境质量的重要途径之一.以武汉市汉阳区为例,利用逐步回归模型分析了城市土地利用类型与流域湖泊水质之间的相关关系,发现农村居民地、城市居民地、商业用地和滩地等用地类型是城市湖泊非点源污染的主要来源.基于土地利用类型,流域中的17个汇水单元可聚为3类,分别以农村居民用地,城市居民用地和商业用地,滩地为主.依照各类汇水单元的景观结构特点,针对性地提出了非点源污染的分类控制措施,简化了控制措施和提高了可操作性.     

庐山春季降水化学的研究

对庐山春季降水的化学组成进行了研究。庐山大气中SO₂、NO_X、NH₃、HNO₃浓度较低;降水酸化严重,所采样品的pH值全部小于5.6,最小pH值为3.71,平均pH值为4.26,降水中主要酸性物质是硫酸,而硝酸则占次要地位;云雾水组成高于降水,且酸度强于降水;对不同相态降水的比较表明,固相降水组成比雨水高2～6倍,但Ph值比雨水高0.6倍。根据研究结果推测,降水酸化是局地大气污染物的清除与酸性物质长距离输送共同作用的结果。     

Toward an improved ecosystem based management approach: incorporating catchment characteristics into better management and planning of the Great Barrier Reef marine ecosystem

Discharge from the Great Barrier Reef Catchment (GBRC) is considered the second most serious threat to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Utilising principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), this research aimed to assess the variability and co-variation of 28 water basins (WBs) within the GBRC, in order to improve the institutional arrangements and regulation of water quality and increase collaboration horizontally between management organisations, and vertically between government tiers. Water basin variability was measured by nine variables: size (ha), population, agricultural land use (ha), number of major water storages, major rivers and major towns, total nitrogen exported (T/yr), total phosphorus exported (T/yr) and herbicide use (ha). The Fitzroy WB, with PC scores of 7.0081, 2.2897 and ?1.6504, was identified as the most dissimilar and therefore needing to be managed differently. Many WBs within the same regions were very dissimilar to each other, indicating that current management practices, based largely on geographic location, are unlikely to be the most efficient and effective. Instead, managing groups of WBs with similar geo-political properties (determined by the CA) could be more effective and efficient. Coordination and collaboration are key to successful ecosystem based management, therefore managing similar WBs together through inter-NRM (natural resource management) agreements, irrespective of their geographical location, facilitates management bodies building strong, cooperative working relationships.     

PRECIPITATION AUGMENTATION-PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS1

ABSTRACT: Advances in the science of weather modification have provided an opportunity for significant progress in the area of precipitation management. Coordination of efforts and intensification of both laboratory and field research could lead to major advances within the decade. In view of the important decision-making role played by society, however, it is necessary that our scientific efforts be coordinated with a public relations program designed to inform and educate the public on the role and potential of artificial precipitation augmentation. In addition, careful consideration must be given to those social and legal issues related to weather modification. Environmental impact, land use, economic potential and damage liability are aU factors of importance in any comprehensive analysis. Rational solutions to questions in each of these areas is dependent upon the establishment of a sound scientific basis for operational weather modification, which should be the first priority.     

多体系微量元素地球化学对比中存在的问题及解决途径

在微量、稀土元素地球化学对比研究中,直观地根据蛛网图上曲线相似程度而得出的结论带有很大的主观随意性,可信度低。通过2个应用实例(云南北衙金矿床;江西相山变质岩),运用Q型逐步聚类分析及模糊聚类分析与蛛网作图相结合的对比研究方法,分别对云南北衙金矿的成矿物质来源和江西相山变质岩的地层单元归属问题进行了探讨,发现该方法可获得较多精细的、为蛛网图所隐匿的、但具有重要地质意义的地球化学信息,从而得出更为严谨、客观、并具有科学再现性的结论。     

重金属复合污染对蚕豆性状影响的模糊聚类与性状代间分化的摄动分析

运用正交设计，经过４代的原位种植实验，获得了Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋复合污染对同一蚕豆种质在株高、首次开花时间、每株结豆荚数、单位豆荚豆粒数（每２０个豆荚）、种子的重量（５０粒）等数量性状的表型数据。利用模糊聚类和摄动分析方法，获得了２５种污染组合对蚕豆数量性状影响的聚类特征，考察了蚕豆代间分化的趋向。实验结果表明，重金属复合污染对蚕豆的毒害作用，不仅同元素的种类和各自的浓度     

应用R型聚类分析探讨两岩体之间的成因关系

本文主要通过R型聚类分析,讨论了成分上相似、区域上伴生、空间上不直接相连的含矿花岗斑岩体与毗邻大花岗岩基之间的成因关系。分析结果与其它方面提供的证据十分吻合,说明用聚类分析来探讨空间上不直接相连的两岩体之间的成因关系,许不失为一个好方法。     

一个液相化学反应机理的建立和应用

利用比较积分反应速率的方法，建立了一个简化液相化学反应机理ＡＲＣＭＬ，并在各种大气状况下以及各种物理参数下对ＡＲＣＭＬ作了验证，然后利用ＡＲＣＭＬ模拟光化学烟雾形成初期的云水酸化过程，结果表明，自由基氧化Ｓ（Ⅳ）在污染或高ＮＯｘ的大气中非常重要。     

黄土高原西部地区林业气候动态聚类分析

杨树是黄土高原的主要树种之一。本文根据阴山东段不同立地条件下25年生的四种杨树解析木生长量资料,与该地区同时期气候因素进行了关联分析,按关联度大小,选取了八个气候因素作为聚类因子,再将关联度归一化,求得各因子的权重,表示各气候因素对树木生长作用的大小。最后根据黄土高原西部68个气象站1951—1980年的气候资料,应用动态聚类分析法,把黄土高原西部地区划分成几个不同类型林业气候区,区划结果与实际考察基本相符合。