黄河兰州段水体中有色溶解性有机质组成、空间分布特征及来源分析

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),分析黄河兰州段水体有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、空间分布以及来源.结果表明,黄河兰州段水体CDOM可能是由芳香性结构的小分子组成,解析出的4个组分中,类蛋白质(1个组分)含量最多,占总荧光强度的51.06%,类腐殖质(2个组分)次之,占36.74%,非类腐殖质(1个组分)最少,占12.20%,类蛋白质组分和类腐殖质组分来源不同.CDOM属于"类蛋白质-类腐殖质"复合主导型,以生物来源的类蛋白质为主.从上游到下游河段,CDOM的空间分布格局大体有一个先降低再升高再降低的过程,其趋势主要受到类蛋白质含量变化的影响.类蛋白质的含量受到了居民/商业污水排放、河岸及水上餐饮、娱乐设施、船舶运输以及少量工业企业废水排放等各种高强度人为活动干扰.黄河流经兰州市受到了一定的内源污染,建议对黄河兰州段水体进行内源污染的控制.     

基于联系云的地下水水质可拓评价模型

地下水水质评价受诸多不确定因素的影响,评价指标具有模糊性、随机性和离散性特征.为真实反映指标的分布特征,提高地下水水质评价的合理性与可靠性,在此将可拓学与联系云理论耦合,提出能够描述评价指标在分类等级间转换态势的联系云可拓模型,即基于指标分类标准确定联系云数字特征,生成有限区间内的联系云与构建联系云可拓矩阵,实现统一定量描述地下水水质评价指标的确定和不确定性,然后结合权重,分析待评价物元与地下水水质等级的联系,综合确定待评物元的水质等级,并给出评价结果的可信程度.实例应用及与投影寻踪和模糊物元耦合方法结果的对比表明,本文模型评价结果与投影寻踪模糊物元方法的结果基本吻合,且基于联系云可拓模型评价地下水水质等级置信因子均小于0.01,更有效可行,并克服了可拓方法不能反映评价指标模糊性特征的缺陷.     

A SIMULATION OF RIVER-BASIN RESPONSE TO MESOSCALE METEOROLOGICAL FORCING: THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN EXPERIMENT (SRBEX)1

ABSTRACT: A mesoscale meteorological model, a surface hydrology model, and a ground-water hydrology model are linked to simulate the hydrographic response of a large river basin to a single storm. Synoptic climatology is employed to choose a representative hydro-climatic event. The mesoscale meteorological model uses three nested domains to simulate relatively high-resolution precipitation over a sub-basin of the Susquehanna River Basin. The hydrology models simulate surface runoff and ground-water baseflow using both analyzed and simulated precipitation. The hydrologic abstractions are handled using both Curve Number and Green-Ampt routines. To support the linkage of the numerical models, special attention is given to data resampling and reprojection. The mesoscale meteorological model simulation captures the spatial and temporal structure of the storm event, while the hydrology models represent the timing of the event well. The Curve Number method generates a realistic hydrograph with both analyzed and simulated precipitation. In contrast, the hydrographic response generated by the Green-Ampt routine is inferior. Several interrelated factors contribute to these results, including: the nature of the precipitation event chosen for the experiment; the tendency of the mesoscale meteorological model to underpredict low intensity, widespread precipitation in this case; and the influence of the surface soil-texture characteristics on infiltration rates.     

Mass conservation and atmospheric dynamics in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

This paper examines the spatio-temporal patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide transport predicted by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Forty-eight hour simulations over northern New England incorporating a simple representation of the diurnal summertime surface carbon dioxide forcing arising from biological activity indicate that, in its native formulation, RAMS exhibits a significant degree of mass non-conservation. Domain-wide rates of non-physical mass gain and mass loss are as large as three percent per day which translates into approximately eleven parts per million per day for carbon dioxide — enough to rapidly dilute the signature of carbon dioxide fluxes arising from biological activity. Analysis shows that this is due to the approximation used by RAMS to compute the Exner function. Substitution of the exact, physically complete equation improves mass conservation by two orders of magnitude. In addition to greatly improving mass conservation, use of the complete Exner function equation has a substantial impact on the spatial pattern of carbon dioxide predicted by the model, yielding predictions differing from a conventional RAMS simulation by as much as forty parts per million. Such differences have important implications both for comparisons of modeled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to observations and for carbon dioxide inversion studies, which use estimates of atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide in conjunction with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to infer the spatio-temporal distribution of surface carbon dioxide fluxes. Furthermore, use of the complete Exner function equation affects the vertical velocity and water mixing ratio fields, causing significant changes in accumulated precipitation over the region.     

赤红壤贮水量变化过程的聚类分析研究

根据长期定位观测资料．用多元数据分析的有序样本分类中的最优分割法对南亚热带地带性土壤──赤红壤的土壤水分贮水量的变化过程进行聚类分析并进行土壤水分的季节划分，结果表明．赤红壤贮水量最高贮量出现在3～7月，最低出现在1～2月和10～12月，而8～9月为干湿交替变化的过渡阶段．     

Adjusted two-stage adaptive cluster sampling

An adjusted two-stage sampling procedure is discussed for adaptive cluster sampling where some networks are large and others are small. A two-stage sample is drawn from the large networks and a single-stage sample is drawn from the rest. The simple random sampling (SRS) procedure without replacement is used at the initial stage. An estimator for the population mean along with its properties is discussed.     

平顶山市区大气中TSP来源

用聚类分析——最小二乘拟合方法，采用迭代的、分裂的、不加权的、非交迭的成聚方法(IDDN)，从实测数据阵中求解实际存在的源特征谱及源贡献量，为平顶山市区大气污染总量控制，大气污染综合防治与管理，提供科学依据。     

气相化学反应中的云盖效应

本文在ＣＢＭ－Ｉ机理的基础上考虑了ＯＨ和ＨＯ２自由基对ＳＯ２的氧化作用和云对光解率的影响，定量研究了气相色化学反应中的云盖效应。结果表明，云的存在将改变整个反应体系的平衡，气态物对云的响应是非线的。     

灰色聚类关联分析法及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文结合灰色聚类法和灰色关联法，首次提出了灰色聚类关联分析的新方法，并用于大气环境质量的综合评价之中，经实例分析表明，评价结果非常客观、合理。     

二甲基硫的海-气通量及其对环境的影响

综述了目前国内外对二甲基硫（DMS）的海一气通量的研究状况，指出了DMS的海一气通量受很多因素的影响。运用不同的模型计算值相差很大。此外本文着重论述DMS进入大气后被OH和NO3等自由基的氧化机化及其氧化产物对酸雨酸雾的贡献以及DMS、凝云结核（CCN）、气候 系统之间的关系。