中国能源利用效率的区域分异与影响因素分析

论文采用分层聚类法对中国能源利用效率进行地域划分,并运用Theil系数探讨能源利用效率的区域分异特征,进而应用面板数据模型定量研究区域能源利用效率的影响因素。研究表明:"十五"时期,中国能源利用效率的省际差异显著,从空间上可划分为高效区、中效区和低效区,能源高效区集中在东部沿海经济发达地区;2001~2005年,中国能源利用效率明显提高,但能源利用效率的总体差异、三大地域间差异和地域内差异均呈上升趋势;能源结构、技术水平、产业结构、价格水平和投资水平是影响中国能源利用效率区域差异的显著因素;以煤炭消费比重所表示的能源结构对区域能源利用效率的负向影响程度最大,以全员劳动生产率所表示的技术水平对区域能源利用效率的正向影响程度最大;第三产业增加值比重对区域能源利用效率具有显著正影响,第二产业增加值比重、生产资料价格水平、高耗能投资水平对区域能源利用效率具有显著负影响;经济发展水平对区域能源利用效率的影响程度并不显著,经济增长与能源利用效率不存在同步增长关系。     

高污染下云凝结核对雨、雾滴谱的影响

利用气候基准站、云凝结核计数器、雾滴谱仪和雨滴谱仪等观测资料,分析威宁污染时期云凝结核（CCN）对雨雾滴谱的影响. 结果表明：观测期间威宁CCN数浓度很高,S=0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%时的平均CCN浓度分别为2884、8003、10470、11685cm^-3,与部分重污染城市相当;CCN有明显的日变化特征,分别在12：00、16：00和20：00出现峰值,与居民生活排放、火电源排放、湍流交换和气象条件等有关;利用N=CS^k式拟合威宁CCN活化谱,平均拟合参数C=14288cm^-3,k=0.8,表明该地属典型大陆型核谱;威宁冬季云层薄、云顶低的云系特点提供了宏观天气背景,高浓度CCN是导致此次雨、雾过程弱,滴谱窄的重要微观条件.     

The effectiveness of cluster approach to improve environmental corporate performance in an industrial district of SMEs: a case study

This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of the so-called ‘Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) cluster approach’ when applied to environmental policies, by focusing on the case history of the industrial paper production cluster located in the Province of Lucca (Italy). The Lucca cluster represents approximately 20% of Italian paper production, and Italy is the fourth leading paper producer in Europe. In the last 10 years, environmental policies have been developed under the common ‘umbrella’ of a strong public and private partnership based on stakeholder networking within the application of the EU EMAS Regulation. This article evaluates the outcome of such an approach, by comparing the environmental performance indicators for the Lucca’s paper industry using data collected from more than 40 plants before and after the adoption of this voluntary tool. The results show considerable improvements for many environmental performance indicators, consistently with the implementation of the cluster approach.     

基于组合赋权法和云理论的震后重建住宅工程质量评价研究

针对地震灾区重建住宅工程的质量等级评价具有模糊性和随机性的特点,提出了关于云模型的震后重建住宅工程质量评价方法。着重考虑住宅安全性的需求,建立了震后重建住宅工程质量评价指标体系,首先采用层次分析法(AHP）与信息熵法分别确定主、客观权重,然后运用博弈论思想将主、客观权重优化组合,得到综合权重;最后以汶川地震后芦山某重建住宅工程为例,综合利用正、逆云发生器及虚拟云理论得到各级指标的评价云滴图,与质量等级标准云作相似性比较。结果表明:该重建社区的住宅质量等级总体为“良”,一级指标中抗震安全等级为“优”,重建效率评价为“中”。算例的结果表明该方法能够直观、生动地反映各级指标间的相互关系,有利于评估者对各指标因素的全局把握。     

Cloud point extraction of trace cyanide from environmental waters for indirect flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination

A method has been developed for indirect determination of cyanide in environmental waters based on cloud point extraction (CPE), preconcentration and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method was based on reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the presence of cyanide and complexation of the produced Cu(I)(CN)₂^? with gallocyanin (GC⁺) as an ion-pairing reagent at pH 4.0, followed by its extraction into polyethyleneglycol mono-p-nonylphenylether (Ponpe 7.5). Selectivity was improved with the use of suitable masking agents. Various factors influencing separation and preconcentration of cyanide have been investigated, and conditions were optimized, allowing determination of cyanide in the range of up to 1.2 mg L^?1 with a detection limit of 0.00045 mg L^?1. The method has been applied to the determination of cyanide in environmental waters, the results being in agreement with those obtained by a reference method.     

Clustering economic sectors in China on a life cycle basis to achieve environmental sustainability

To improve material efficiency, industrial structure optimization becomes a focal point in Chinese industrial and environmental policies. It is crucial to cluster economic sectors and determine their priority for industrial and environmental policy implementation. Integrating a set of criteria, a hybrid input-output model and the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study clusters China’s economic sectors and determines their priority on a life cycle basis. China’s economic sectors are clustered into three clusters. Industrial structure changes (industrial policy) should encourage the development of sectors in cluster 1 and limit the development of sectors in cluster 2. Technology development and materials recycling (two environmental policies) should mainly focus on sectors in clusters 1 and 2. Future industrial policies in China should limit the development of two sectors named Manufacture of metal products and Extraction of petroleum and natural gas. Instead of limiting some industries by command-and-control, the best policy option is to remedy environmental standards and law enforcement. Enterprises belonging to the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of direct production impacts should be concerned to achieve enterprise sustainability. To achieve sustainable production chains, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of accumulative production impacts should be concerned. For sustainable consumption, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of consumption impacts should be concerned to transform consumption styles. Most of environmental pressure can be alleviated not only by technical improvements and material recycling, but also by the development of economic sectors in cluster 1.     

Predicting the flammable region reach of propane vapor clouds

Liquified gas fuels are widely used around the world, and the growth of LNG and LPG consumption continues to increase. However, using these fuels can lead to accidents if they are released to the environment. Consequently, the challenge to control and predict such hazards has become an objective in emergency planning and risk analysis. In a previous article the “Dispersion Safety Factor” (DSF) was proposed, defined as the ratio between the distance at which the lower flammability limit concentration occurs and that corresponding to the visible contour of a vapor cloud. Its interest was demonstrated by applying it to the specific case of an LNG spill. With the appropriate modifications, this factor may be applied to the dispersion of other substances; in this communication it is applied to the atmospheric dispersion of propane, and two expressions are proposed to estimate it. Due to the similarity between the properties of both gases, these expressions could probably be applied as well to the dispersion of propylene.     

针对NPP VIIRS数据的云检测方法研究

为了获得新型红外成像辐射仪套件(Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite, VIIRS)传感器准确的云掩码数据,克服当前VIIRS云检测算法在中国区域存在的部分缺陷.本研究通过分析当前较为成熟的中分辨率光谱成像仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)云掩码算法,结合VIIRS传感器的波段特性,提出了适合中国区域的云检测算法.针对1.38μm高(卷)云检测算法在高海拔区域存在的限制,本研究使用亮温进行辅助检测,降低因低水汽含量造成的误报;针对当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测阈值在我国存在误报的问题,对M12-M13差值云检测在我国适用范围和阈值进行了分析讨论,并使用亮温辅助M12-M13进一步克服地表二项性反射造成的干扰.使用中国区域的两景数据进行应用分析表明:亮温辅助1.38um高(卷)云检测能够较好的抑制地表污染,亮温辅助M12-M13差值云检测比当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测能更好的抑制误报.通过人工解译,将检测结果和解译结果做了对比分析,实例数据检测精度均高于85%,能够满足当前云检测精度要求.     

云计算在核安全分析中的应用研究

在进行核安全分析时,需要考虑核反应堆设计、运行、管理及计算评估等诸多方面的复杂问题。而人员进行风险评估会在很大程度上影响核电站的正常运行时间,并带来人因失误的不确定性增大。利用云计算,可以有效地解决核安全分析面临的资料繁杂,模型构造麻烦和信息不共通等缺点。提出核安全云的概念,将云计算与核安全分析结合起来,借助计算机平台对核电厂的选址定点、建造、调试、运行及退役过程中可能产生的风险进行分析计算,更全面的分析各种不利条件,及时地做出决策,可以有效的降低风险发生的概率以及降低计算成本,可更准确地实现核电站安全分析的目标。     

理论毒理学研究进展

毒理学是近代发展起来的科学,由于工农业生产的迅速发展,化学物质剧增,迄今登记在册的化学物质已超过2 600万种,每年还新增2 000多种,因此传统的毒性鉴定已远远不能满足时代的要求,针对各种化学物质的细致的毒理学研究更是难以实现。因此毒理学必须在理论层面实现突破,缩短研究时间,减少研究经费及人力、物力的消耗,同时可使化学物质得到更安全的应用。另外,动物保护已列入议事日程,不再允许大量使用动物做毒理方面的实验,这些促进了理论毒理学的发展。