中国乡镇企业环境管理区划

本文研究了全国乡镇企业环境管理区划,选择了13个指标:(1)枯水年径流深,(2)降水量,(3)大气污染系数,(4)森林覆盖率,(5)人均耕地面积,(6)县级环境管理机构人数,(7)人口密度,(8)人均国民收入,(9)乡镇企业经济密度,(10)乡镇企业行业结构的环境效应,(11)污径化,(12)原煤消耗密度,(13)乡镇企业技术进步。以模糊聚类数学方法作数量区划。根据计算结果并结合自然区划、经济区划和行政区划,对数量区划结果作适当的归并及调整,把全国分为四个区及七个亚区。所作区划结果能基本满足国家级分区环境管理的需要。     

ON THE EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL CLOUD SEEDING PROJECTS1

ABSTRACT Operational cloud seeding projects, those designed to produce a desired change in the weather and that are nonexperimental in nature, continue to be pursued widely in the United States. A recurring question by scientists, project sponsors, and cloud seeders has been, “was the weather altered and if so, by how much?” Evaluation of such projects is now recognized as having scientific benefits, and a four-year study has addressed various techniques and statistical methods to perform evaluations and to learn more about how to modify the weather. Most such evaluations hinge on some type of space-time comparisons, but valid comparisons can be obtained only avoiding biases in the project design and operation. Through simulated changes in weather conditions, it was determined that the principal component regression techniques were used to evaluate selected rain and hail modification projects, revealing modification in certain projects and none in others. Various relevant issues have been examined such as use of other weather variables (covariates) to increase detection power, the validity of using historical data as controls for discrete operational periods, possible randomization options during cloud seeding operations, and analyses of individual rain events versus that based on monthly or seasonal units.     

湖北省山洪灾害暴雨的中尺度分析

湖北省西部是山洪灾害的多发地，暴雨是诱发山洪灾害的直接原因。根据该省气象部门收集的1954—2003年中的226例山洪资料，主要是1980—1987年5—9月该省西部31个气象台站和124个水文站的地面中尺度观测资料，分析了该省山洪灾害的时空分布特征，特别是分析了造成该省两部山洪灾害的中尺度雨团的特征，以及中小心度天气系统演变的规律。     

液化石油气储罐设置方式之初探

从能量释放的角度出发,以爆炸理论为基础,研究了液化石油气储罐不同设置方式下发生爆炸的影响范围,并根据储罐三种设置方式的特点,给出了液化石油气储罐的合理设置方案.     

有机酸对云凝结核形成的影响

对流层中的有机酸主要来源于人类活动和自然的排放，它们对云成核现象有重要作用并且对云凝结核(CCN)的数量有显著的贡献，但具体哪些种类的有机酸起着什么样的作用以及有多大的作用却鲜为人知。为此，本文结合国内外在相关领域的研究成果，概要介绍了对流层中有机酸(主要是甲酸，乙酸，丙酮酸，草酸)的含量、来源、存在形态及其对云凝结核影响。     

珊溪水库地震震后趋势的快速判定

2002年7月28日珊溪水库库区发生了M_L3.5地震,之后记录到M)L≥1.0地震50余次,最大地震是9月5日M_L3.9地震。7月28日M_L3.5地震发生后,应用“跟踪式后续地震的模糊预测方法”进行了震后趋势跟踪预测。首先,选用多个地震序列资料作为样本,按预测要求,确定震级大小的分类标准,构成分类矩阵,然后,计算每个序列的6项地震活动性指标构成样本矩阵,而用刚刚发生的地震序列构成待判矩阵,应用一种模糊软聚类方法进行判断,得到未来某一时间段内将发生的地震震级属于哪一类。如果使用几个时间段资料、对不同预报期分别建立几组样本矩阵和分类矩阵,则可实现跟踪式震后趋势快速预测。对9月5日M_l3.9地震和震后趋势预测比较准确。本文简单介绍了预测方法和预测效果。     

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PUERTO RICO1

ABSTRACT: Multivariate analyses were used to develop equations that could predict certain water quality (WQ) conditions for unmonitored watersheds in Puerto Rico based on their physical characteristics. Long term WQ data were used to represent the WQ of 15 watersheds in Puerto Rico. A factor analysis (FA) was performed to reduce the number of chemical constituents. Cluster analysis (CA) was used to group watersheds with similar WQ characteristics. Finally, a discriminant analysis (DA) was performed to relate the WQ clusters to different physical parameters and generate predicting equations. The FA identified six factors (77 percent of variation explained): nutrients, dissolved ions, sodium and chloride, silicacious geology, red ox conditions, and discharge. From the FA, specific conductance, sodium, phosphorous, silica, and dissolved oxygen were selected to represent the WQ characteristics in the CA. The CA determined five groups of watersheds (forested, urban polluted, mixed urban/rural, forested plutonic, and limestone) with similar WQ properties. From the five WQ clusters, two categories can be observed: forested and urban watersheds. The DA found that changes in forest cover, percent of limestone, mean annual rainfall, and watershed shape factor were the most important physical features affecting the WQ of watersheds in Puerto Rico.     

Gas explosion experiments in 1:33 and 1:5 scale offshore separator and compressor modules using stoichiometric homogeneous fuel/air clouds

An experimental investigation of flame and pressure development inside scaled-down versions of realistic offshore modules is reported. Two different scales, 1:33 and 1:5 and two different internal layouts, separator and compressor were tested. The effects of pressure build-up in homogeneous, stoichiometric In addition, the size and the distribution of the vent area of the modules were varied. The length, width and height of the 1:5 scale module were 8 m, The smallest pressures, 10–20 mbar were found for the cases with the largest vent area. Generally, pressures in 1:5 scale were 5–10 times larger th     

Influence of Traffic Emissions Estimation Variability on Urban Air Quality Modelling

The main objective of this work is to analyse how uncertainties in emission data of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), originated from road traffic, influence the model prediction of ozone (O₃) concentration fields. Different methods to estimate emissions were applied and results were compared in order to obtain their variability. Based on these data, different emission scenarios were compiled for each pollutant considering the minimum and the maximum values of the estimated emission range. These scenarios were used as input to the MAR-IV mesoscale modelling system. Simulations have been performed for a summer day in the Northern Region of Portugal. The different approaches to estimate NO_x and VOC traffic emissions show a significant variability of absolute values and of their spatial distribution. Comparison of modelling results obtained from the two scenarios presents a dissimilarity of 37% for ozone concentration fields as a response of the system to a variation in the input emission data of 63% for NO_x and 59% for VOC. Far beyond all difficulties and approximations, the developed methodology to build up an emission data base shows to be consistent and an useful tool in order to turn applicable an air quality model. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the model to input data should be considered when it is used as a decision support tool.