码头油品蒸气云爆炸事故危害评价

运用“蒸气云爆炸”模型,对某码头油品蒸气云爆炸事故危害程度进行分析评价,得出油品爆炸事故危害程度分布的规律,为码头安全运行提供参考。     

Geographical analysis of commercial motor vehicle hazardous materials crashes on the Oregon state highway system

Crashes on highways frequently cause hazardous material exposure to the public and the environment. We evaluated differences in hazardous materials-related crashes vs. non-hazardous-material-related commercial motor vehicle crashes occurring from 2000 to 2006 on the Oregon state highway network. The two groups were compared for crash characteristics by χ² analysis, and spatial clustering was tested using Ripley's K-function and kernel density estimator analyses. There were 8,622 total commercial motor vehicle crashes, 232 being hazardous-materials related. Hazardous materials-related crashes were not significantly associated with different road surface conditions, weather conditions or cause of crash. Hazardous materials-related crashes were associated more frequently with late evening/early morning hours and under artificial lights or at dusk. The commercial motor vehicle drivers in hazardous materials-related crashes were less frequently at fault than ones in the non-hazardous materials-related crashes. The planar Ripley's K-function indicated non-hazardous materials-related crashes were more clustered than hazardous materials-related ones. Both cohorts clustered at the 12–14 mile range. The kernel density estimator analysis indicated hazardous materials-related clusters are small and discrete along the main highway corridors, non-Hazardous materials-related ones seemed to form elongated confluent clusters along all highways. Since there seem to be few differences between the two cohorts in characteristics of the crashes and the frequency of hazardous materials-related crashes is low compared to the total commercial vehicle crashes, future geographical studies may focus on characteristics of all commercial motor vehicle crashes.     

浊点萃取技术在环境样品痕量元素分析中的应用研究进展

浊点萃取法是近年来发展起来的一种绿色环保的样品前处理技术.本文详细介绍了浊点萃取方法的原理,对国内外近5年来(2008年—至今)利用浊点萃取与几种常见的原子光谱分析仪器以及与电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联用技术,在环境样品中痕量元素分离和富集以及形态分析中的应用研究进展进行了评述.同时对浊点萃取技术目前的最新发展方向、尚存在的问题以及发展前景进行了逐一探讨.     

Accumulation trends of metals and a metalloid in the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus from Lake Yeniçağa (Turkey)

This study aims to determine the extent of metal pollution in Lake Yeniça?a (Bolu, Turkey) by investigating the accumulation trends of five metals (Al, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn) and a metalloid (As) in gills, exoskeleton, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscles of the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilised to determine the accumulation profiles of each element over four seasons. The greatest element accumulation was found to occur in the gills. All elements in exoskeletal tissue displayed positive correlations with each other, a similar trend was also observed in the hepatopancreas samples. Strong (r=0.868) and very strong (r=0.960) positive correlations were found between the accumulations of Al and Fe in gills and the exoskeleton, respectively. Correlations in tissue accumulation rates are discussed in the context of metabolic roles and impacts associated with the elements tested. Elemental compositions of Yeniça?a water and sediment samples were also investigated to determine whether the composition of the surrounding environment matches the metal accumulation trends of tissue samples. We demonstrate that, by the criteria set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Lake Yeniça?a is heavily polluted in terms of As and Ni.     

利用轨迹模式研究上海大气污染的输送来源

利用HYSPLIT4模式和全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,计算了2010年12月─2011年11月期间抵达上海的气流后向轨迹. 结合聚类方法和上海ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO₂)、ρ(PM₁₀)数据,分析了各季节不同类型气流轨迹对污染物浓度的影响,利用引入权重因子后的潜在源贡献算法分析了不同季节PM₁₀和NO₂潜在WPSCF(源区分布概率)特征. 结果表明:上海气流输送季节变化特征明显. 冬、春和秋季,上海较易受到来自西北、西南等区域的大陆性气流影响,受沙尘或人为污染排放的影响相对较大,ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)平均值相对较高,分别为162、74和53μg/m3. 夏季上海主要受较清洁的海洋性气流影响,ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)相对较低,分别为47、19和36μg/m3. 上海PM₁₀和NO₂的WPSCF分布特征类似,在冬、春和秋季,WPSCF高值(0.2~0.4)主要集中在江苏南部,河南、安徽等地的带状区域也有一定贡献,说明这些区域是上海这2种污染物的潜在源区. 夏季WPSCF的分布较为集中,上海以外区域值基本小于0.1,说明外来污染输送的贡献较小.      

南京城区上空大气一氧化碳的观测分析

利用南京大学城市大气环境观测站(32°03′20″N,118°46′32″E)2011年1~12月一氧化碳(CO)连续观测资料,分析南京市CO浓度变化特征;利用后向轨迹模式和聚类分析方法研究影响南京市的主要气团及其化学性质;基于MOPITT资料分析南京市CO的垂直分布.研究表明,南京市CO的年均浓度为(757.5±410.5)×10-9.CO浓度具有明显日变化特征,早上8:00浓度最高,下午16:00浓度最低.CO日变化具有季节差异性,春季最为明显,夏季幅度最小.一周之中CO在周五的浓度最高.CO存在明显季节变化,冬季1月浓度最高,夏季6月浓度最低.HYSPLIT4把影响该观测站的主要气团分为6类,其中来自江苏南部、浙江、上海的气团的污染物浓度最高,对南京市CO浓度贡献最大;源于西伯利亚高原,伴随强冷空气迅速向南移动的气团对南京市CO贡献最小.卫星数据分析结果表明,南京市夏季CO的垂直分布与其他3个季节有较大差异.与地面观测站相比,卫星反演的CO地面浓度要明显偏低.     

基于多准则判断的城市边缘区界定及其特征

论文在总结前人研究的基础上提出城市特征属性概念,构建了一套基于多准则判断的评价指标体系和城市边缘区界定方法。利用累积频率图和K_Means空间聚类法确定了城市边缘区界定标准,对广州市城市边缘区进行划分。实验结果表明:城市边缘区主要分布于主城区和若干中心镇周围,随城市交通轴线发散分布,平均城市特征属性为0.292。边缘区总面积占广州总面积的46.73%,主要分布于番禺、白云、花都3个区,共占城市边缘区总面积的76.511%。海珠、荔湾的城市边缘区形状较为紧凑,紧凑度指数分别为4.127 2、3.472 5;白云、番禺、花都的城市边缘区形态较为破碎,紧凑度指数分别为7.847 2、7.199 3、7.525 5。     

ABTT浊点萃取-分光光度法测定废水中的痕量镍*

利用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114在温度高于其浊点时形成相分离行为,建立了浊点萃取-分光光度法测定水溶液中痕量镍的新方法,探讨优化了以1-偶氮苯-3-噻唑-三氮烯(ABTT)为显色剂,Triton X-114浊点萃取富集痕量镍的实验条件。在最大吸收波长为λ=540 nm外,其表观摩尔吸光系数为8.064×105 L/(mol.cm),线性范围为0～0.35μg/mL,相关系数为0.9990。在优化的实验条件下,进行了痕量镍的分析,加标回收率为97.9%～102.1%,应用于水溶液中痕量镍的测定,结果令人满意。     

西宁市大气污染来源和输送季节特征

在2016~2018年西宁市大气污染物PM₁₀和PM_2.5季节污染特征分析的基础上,利用HYSPLIT模式和GDAS资料计算了逐日72 h气流后向轨迹,通过聚类分析确定气流输送路径及其对日均PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的影响,运用TrajStat软件提供的潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨不同季节影响西宁市PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在源区分布及贡献.结果表明,输送来源位置多分布在西宁的西-北方向和东-北方向,周边及邻近区域垂直高度较低.输送路径主要受西风、偏西风、西北、西南和偏东气流的影响.距离短、高度低和移速慢的气流轨迹出现概率最高,是最主要的输送路径,该路径在春夏秋三季来源于青海,冬季则源自新疆,省内输送占主导地位,且不同输送轨迹对PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度影响不同.污染气流主要来自青海省内源、新疆外源及新疆以西的境外源,源地多沙漠和戈壁等脆弱地带分布.潜在源区范围及贡献大小有明显季节差异,冬季范围广且贡献最大,春秋次之,夏季最小.最主要潜在源区位于青海北部、中部和东部地区、新疆南部、中部和东部,其周边地区为中等贡献潜在源区.