卤系阻燃剂在东江鱼体中的生物富集

准确获取化合物的生物富集因子(BAF)对于判定化合物是否属于潜在毒害性污染物、评价其生态环境风险都具有重要的意义.本文以东江水体为研究区域,以PBDEs、DBDPE、DP、TBBPA和HBCDs为目标化合物,研究了其在3种鱼体中的富集特征.结果表明,5种化合物的lg BAF的变化范围分别为5.0~7.4、6.1~7.1、4.6~7.9、2.6~4.6和4.8~7.7.在本研究中,大多的化合物lg BAF值均大于3.7,说明这些污染物都具有生物富集能力.HFRs的BAF值总体随着lg Kow值的增加而增加,但当lg Kow7时,生物对PBDEs的生物富集能力有所下降.γ-HBCD向α-HBCD的生物转化以及生物体对BDE66和BDE99的代谢导致这几种单体偏离了这个模型预测趋势.DBDPE的BAF值大于BDE209的BAF值,作为大分子污染物,DBDPE的生物富集能力应该值得关注.通过对污染物的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)的计算,发现绝大多数的污染物的BSAF值均小于1,表明沉积物不太可能作为水生生物的污染源.     

北京市不同尺度大气颗粒物元素组成的特征分析

在2000年2个典型季节分别采集不同尺度的颗粒物样品,分析其中22种无机元素的含量.利用这些数据较详细地研究了北京市颗粒物的元素组成特征.数据分析结果表明,北京市大气颗粒物中的元素主要分为地壳元素、污染元素和双重元素三大类.利用不同污染元素在各种尺度颗粒物中的富集因子,确定了北京市大气颗粒物具有复合型污染的特征.      

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液的水质特性

对垃圾填埋场渗滤液的主要有机污染物、水质影响因素及水质特性进行了较系统的分析     

不同染料化合物在河流底泥上的吸附规律

采用静态吸附法研究北京清河底泥对染料化合物的吸附行为,并探讨了pH值,离子强度,温度等因素对吸附的影响,测定了6种染料的吸附等温线.结果表明,pH值、离子强度是影响吸附的主要因素,温度升高使吸附量增加,6种染料在底泥上的吸附都符合Freundlich方程.吸附动力学研究表明,吸附分为快速吸附(小于1h)和慢吸附(12h以上).     

The bioaccumulation of Molybdenum in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: influence of soil properties and ageing

Mo bioaccumulation in the earthworm Eisenia andrei was determined after 28 d exposure in ten different European field soils (pH 4.4-7.8) and an artificial soil, freshly spiked with Na₂MoO₄ at concentrations between 3.2 and 3200 mg Mo kg⁻¹ dry soil. Three field soils were also tested after ageing for 11 months. Earthworm Mo concentrations generally levelled off at high exposure levels but in most soils showed a (nearly) linear increase with increasing soil concentrations in the lower, non-toxic range (below EC10 or NOEC for reproduction effects). Bioaccumulation (BAF) and Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were calculated as the ratio of earthworm concentration to soil and estimated porewater concentrations, respectively. BAFs (0.35-3.44) and BCFs (1.31-276) did not seem much affected by soil concentration, suggesting that earthworms are not capable of regulating their internal Mo concentrations. BAF was best predicted by ammonium oxalate-extractable iron (Fe_ox) and phosphor (P_ox) contents of the soils.     

污水厂生物处理单元工艺状态下曝气性能测定与评价

以上海竹园第二污水处理厂2号生物好氧处理单元为研究对象,采用工艺状态曝气充氧性能测定仪对曝气器性能进行现场测定,通过核算氧利用率、曝气均匀性指数、曝气效率综合影响因子等指标,评价该厂曝气器日常运行状态,分析曝气系统在控制上的不足,并针对性地提出优化方案。结果表明,工艺状态下曝气器氧利用率与清水条件下相比下降19.22%~23.78%,曝气均匀性指数在0.80~1.34的范围内,曝气效率综合影响因子偏低,充分表明2号生物好氧处理单元部分曝气器存在污染或老化的问题。该厂的曝气系统具有较大的优化潜力,性能评价结果可以为曝气器科学管理维护及水厂的运行优化提供指导。     

Body metal concentrations and glycogen reserves in earthworms (Dendrobaena octaedra) from contaminated and uncontaminated forest soil

Stress originating from toxicants such as heavy metals can induce compensatory changes in the energy metabolism of organisms due to increased energy expenses associated with detoxification and excretion processes. These energy expenses may be reflected in the available energy reserves such as glycogen. In a field study the earthworm, Dendrobaena octaedra, was collected from polluted areas, and from unpolluted reference areas. If present in the environment, cadmium, lead and copper accumulated to high concentrations in D. octaedra. In contrast, other toxic metals such as aluminium, nickel and zinc appeared to be regulated and kept at low internal concentrations compared to soil concentrations. Lead, cadmium and copper accumulation did not correlate with glycogen reserves of individual worms. In contrast, aluminium, nickel and zinc were negatively correlated with glycogen reserves. These results suggest that coping with different metals in earthworms is associated with differential energy demands depending on the associated detoxification strategy.     

Organizational Factors Affecting Safety Implementation in Food Companies in Thailand

Thai food industry employs a massive number of skilled and unskilled workers. This may result in an industry with high incidences and accident rates. To improve safety and reduce the accident figures, this paper investigates factors influencing safety implementation in small, medium, and large food companies in Thailand. Five factors, i.e., management commitment, stakeholders’ role, safety information and communication, supportive environment, and risk, are found important in helping to improve safety implementation. The statistical analyses also reveal that small, medium, and large food companies hold similar opinions on the risk factor, but bear different perceptions on the other 4 factors. It is also found that to improve safety implementation, the perceptions of safety goals, communication, feedback, safety resources, and supervision should be aligned in small, medium, and large companies.     

根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控水稻镉吸收

南方水稻镉（Cd）污染是我国当前面临的主要环境问题之一。以中稻丰两优1号为材料,采用大田小区实验,研究了根区施加钙镁磷肥（P1：1 800 kg·hm-2、P2：3 000 kg·hm-2）、叶面喷施硅/硒（LS：2.0 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3、LX：25 μmol·L-1 Na2SeO3、LSX：1.0 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3+12.5 μmol·L-1 Na2SeO3）以及根区与叶面联合处理（P1LS、P1LX、P1LSX、P2LS、P2LX、P2LSX）下水稻对Cd的吸收。结果表明：1）根施钙镁磷肥显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量（p1、P2较对照分别降低16.1%和29.5%;单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒处理后,稻米Cd含量较对照均显著降低（p1 40.8%、P2 57.2%、LS 42.3%、LX 35.0%、LSX 39.2%;根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控对降低稻米Cd含量表现出显著的协同效应（p值显著性）,其中P1LS、P1LX和P1LSX较单独的P1分别降低了61.2%、59.5%和68.2%,P2LS、P2LX和P2LSX较单独的P2分别降低了75.0%、54.2%和75.7%。2）Cd从秸秆向籽粒转运系数（SS）大于从根向秸秆转运系数（RS）,根区与叶面联合处理明显降低RS和SS,并有显著的协同效应（p1与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了7.4%和22.0%,P2与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了16.0%和19.6%。3）从食品安全来说,单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒,大米Cd含量多数超标（国标0.2 mg·kg-1）,而根区与叶面联合处理几乎都能实现Cd含量不超标,其中降幅最大的为P2LS 和P2LSX,稻米Cd含量不到0.09 mg·kg-1。因此,根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合处理可显著降低水稻Cd吸收、保障稻米质量安全。     

4种营养元素对水华鱼腥藻和四尾栅藻增殖的影响

以水华鱼腥藻和四尾栅藻分别作为蓝藻,绿藻代表藻种,采用均匀设计实验方法(uniform design experimentation,UDE)设计藻类AGP实验。采用通径分析法(Path Analysis,PA)对氮、磷、铁和锰在不同藻种增殖过程中的影响程度进行分析。结果表明,4种营养元素对水华鱼腥藻增殖影响的决策排序为Fe>TN>TP>Mn,微量金属元素铁是影响水华鱼腥藻(蓝藻)增殖的主要因素;对四尾栅藻增殖影响的决策排序为TN>TP>Fe>Mn,常量元素是影响四尾栅藻(绿藻)增殖的主要因素。联合通径分析法和逐步二次方回归分析法(QRA)建立的数学模型,可用于预判藻增殖。