肥胖与中国农村家庭食物浪费——基于1562户农户调查数据的实证分析

随着收入水平提升,农村家庭的日常饮食变得更加丰富,但肥胖和食物浪费问题也日益严重。基于2016年中国28省（市、自治区）1562户农户调查数据,在评估中国农村家庭食物浪费数量的基础上,实证分析肥胖对农村家庭食物浪费的影响。结果表明：（1）中国农村家庭平均每天浪费1.62%的食物,东南沿海等经济发达地区的农村食物浪费现象更为严重。（2）肥胖与农村家庭食物浪费显著正相关,这意味着伴随农户收入持续增长,农村肥胖问题凸显的同时,也容易引发食物浪费问题。（3）肥胖对家庭食物浪费的影响存在年龄异质性,户主小于60岁的情况下,肥胖与家庭食物浪费显著正相关;户主大于等于60岁的分组中,肥胖与家庭食物浪费的关系不显著。     

Direct-use values of woodland resources consumed and traded in a South African village

SUMMARY

This paper examines the contribution of secondary resources harvested from a savanna ecosystem to household income in Thorndale village, South Africa. The valuation of these resources provides a key tool for adopting sustainable development practices. The study shows the relevance of the dependence of rural people on secondary resources and implications for social and economic equity. Fuelwood, edible herbs and thatch grass contributed 80.6% ($492.53) of the total gross direct-use value ($559.46) of all the resources per household per annum. The net direct-use value of eight directly harvested resources was $455.11 after accounting for the opportunity cost of labour. The value of secondary resources traded amounted to $126.62 per household, equivalent to 22.6% of values from direct consumption, suggesting a high degree of dependence of villagers on natural resources harvested for household consumption. There were high relative direct-use values for fuelwood (44%) and edible herbs (25.9%) reflecting the high energy requirement, and substitute for cultivated vegetables, respectively. It was generally perceived that resources were in short supply probably due to the level of dependence, and as a coping strategy.     

Assessing livelihood for improvement: Samanalawewa reservoir environs,Sri Lanka

This paper explores household (HH)-level livelihood dynamics and determinants since construction of the Samanalawewa Hydroelectricity Reservoir (SHER) in the Samanalawewa watershed, Sri Lanka. The research is based on data from a structured questionnaire survey of 201 randomly selected households (HHs) in upstream and downstream areas. Livelihood dynamics at two separate points in time (1988 and 2008) were assessed based on a sustainable livelihood framework (SLF). Impact of livelihood determinants on livelihood was analysed using factor and regression analysis techniques, followed by an optimisation procedure to suggest requirements in selected significant determinants to improve the livelihood of various categories of farm HH. In both upstream and downstream areas, livelihood assets, viz. physical, social and human capital, increased significantly, while access to natural and financial capital decreased significantly and slightly, respectively, during last two decades. The factor analysis extracted six factors in the upstream area and seven in the downstream area. The derived regression models show that nine variables in the upstream area and ten in the downstream area are major determinants of HH livelihood. Based on optimisation results, policy implications are discussed in relation to needed improvements in livelihood determinants to improve overall livelihood of HHs.     

Migration as an adaptive strategy to climate variability: a study of the Tonga‐speaking people of Southern Zambia

There is increasing consensus that the effects of extreme weather conditions in the form of drought, flooding and extreme temperature will have increasingly devastating impacts on those who depend on climate‐sensitive resources and ecosystems for their livelihoods. The most affected will be the poor in developing countries who have a low adaptive capacity to climate change due to high poverty levels. Despite these projections, there are, to date, insufficient empirical studies linking the relationship between climate change and migration, particularly in the context of southern Africa. Using field‐based data collected from two study locations in Zambia, this paper examines the complex relationship between extreme weather events and population movement. It is envisaged that the findings presented in this paper will contribute to current discussions on the complex relationship between extreme weather conditions and population movement specifically in the context of sub‐Saharan Africa and other developing countries.     

云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿(WTP)影响因素及差异性分析

生态补偿是协调经济与资源环境和谐发展,化解生态环境与经济增长矛盾的有效手段,对推进生态文明建设意义深远。基于云南省5个州市农户调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析了云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿的关键影响因素及其差异性。研究表明:大部分农户愿意为生态补偿付费,影响其支付意愿的主要因素是性别、年龄、是否兼业、家庭人口数、非农收入比重、生态补偿重要性认知、森林经济效益是否比生态效益重要、生态环境满意度、政府是否对生态环境保护宣传、政策执行信任度以及信息获取难易程度;其中年龄、家庭农业劳动力人数和信息获取难易程度对专业户支付意愿有重要影响,而家庭人口数、非农收入比重以及获得政府补偿的情况对兼业户支付意愿有重要影响;是否兼业、非农收入比重、对生态补偿了解程度以及信息获取难易程度对传统散户支付意愿影响较大;对政策执行的信任程度和产业发展程度对种植大户支付意愿有重要影响。基于此,提出了完善政府农村就业服务职能,鼓励农户非农就业、创业;完善生态功能区环境教育体系和宣传制度建设,强化农户环保意识;强化政府职责及其政策推广、执行力度,构建综合、完善的生态补偿宣传媒介;制定并实施差异化的生态补偿措施等具体对策建议。     

What influences the pattern of pollutant releases? An investigation of firms’ siting and households’ sorting decisions in Ontario,Canada

The relationship between the pattern of pollutant releases and neighborhood characteristics has been in the center of environmental justice debates for the last decades. One part of the discourse revolves around the question if the siting decision of polluting firms or the sorting decision of households is the explanatory factor for the pattern of pollutant releases. The aim of this study is to contribute to the discussion by investigating the potential correlation between polluting facilities and socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods in Ontario, Canada, using data from the Canadian census and National Pollutant Release Inventory. The analysis shows that when the results are considered from the perspectives of the siting decision of firms and sorting decision of households’ hypotheses, the results weigh in favor of the sorting decision of households.     

基于农户满意度的土地整理项目绩效评价及区域差异研究

农村土地整理项目具有公共产品特征,其绩效评价不仅需要从"生产面或供给面"入手,还应从"消费面或需求面"展开。农户使用满意度是土地整理项目绩效的终端评价,对于改善项目绩效、促进农村土地整理可持续发展意义更加重大。从农户满意度视角,构建土地整理项目绩效评价指标体系,运用问卷调查和顾客满意度评价法(CSI评价法)对我国农村土地整理项目绩效及其区域差异进行实证研究。研究发现:①我国土地整理项目农户满意度绩效值为4.12,总体上处于"优秀"水平等级;②存在由经济发展水平和农户自身特征引起的土地整理项目绩效区域差异和农户差异;东、中部地区项目的绩效总体水平要高于西部地区。③当前土地整理项目总体上在降低生产成本、后期工程管护等2个指标绩效水平表现不足,是今后土地整理项目建设中需要着重关注和改善的方面。研究结果为我国土地整理工作提供了重要的政策启示。     

中国农民工最新情况调查报告

《国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见》实施1年以来，农民工的状况得到有效的改善。特别是工资收入有了明显的提高，月均工资比2004年增加625元，拖欠问题有所缓解，政府给农民工提供的服务有所加强。但是农民工收入低、处境困难等基本问题还没有得到根本改变，尤其是农民工比较强烈的市民化愿望也远远没有实现。所以必须在进一步落实各项解决农民工问题的政策的同时，还需要进行制度创新，加大相关投入，逐步消除农民工市民化的制度障碍和资金困难，从根本上解决农民工问题。     

重点国有林区家庭文化消费影响因素分析

当前,我国重点国有林区的经济处于调整发展结构的关键时期,林区家庭的生活水平正在逐步提高,人们对文化产品消费也发生了很大的变化。采用重点国有林区大规模连续跟踪入户调查数据,运用二元Logistic回归分析研究了我国国有林区家庭文化产品消费的影响因素。结果表明:户主年龄、精神层面是否满足对文化消费具有负向影响,而家庭收入、医疗保障水平对文化消费具有正向影响。基于研究结果,从4个方面提出对策建议:(1)转变我国国有林区居民文化消费观念。(2)完善国有林区文化基础设施建设。(3)提升文化消费层次,营造文化消费氛围。(4)推进国有林区文化产品供给侧结构性改革,激发市场活力。     

Dynamics of household energy consumption in a traditional African city, Ibadan

In the last three decades the Nigerian environment has experienced rapid degradation. A major contributory factor of this phenomenon is the pattern of socioeconomic development in the country that gives little or no consideration to environmental outcomes. An aspect of this development is the economic policy of removal of subsidies on petroleum products initiated in 1986 as a result of the worsening economic situation in the country which begun in the early 1980s. The result of this is that prices of commercial fuels inclusive of kerosene and LPG (cooking gas) have continued to rise beyond the reach of majority of the Nigerian population. The paper examines the effect of increasing prices of petroleum-derived energy sources on the pattern of energy use for cooking in low and middle-income households and the environmental implication in Ibadan, the largest truly indigenous urban centre in sub-Saharan Africa. Results show that prior to the further subsidy removal of 1993, majority of households sampled used kerosene for cooking. Thereafter, a complete or partial switch in the pattern of domestic energy consumption ensued with more households using fuel wood and other more polluting and less efficient energy sources for cooking. The paper recommends a transition towards more environmental friendly energy sources for household use.