城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为分析

城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为一直是发展经济学研究的主题之一.本文建立了中国城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动参与模型和工作时间模型,用于分析城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为.研究结果表明:农村迁移劳动力劳动参与率高,工作时间长,主要在非正规部门就业;农村迁移家庭中女性和男性的教育收益率分别为3.71％和4.97％,且随着受教育年限的提高,男性工作时间将明显增加;身体健康不仅有助于女性劳动参与率的提高,而且有助于女性和男性工作时间的增加;随着年龄的增长,个体倾向于减少工作时间;但随着经验的增长,个体倾向于增加工作时间;女性工作时间的工资弹性和收入弹性分别为-0.261 3和-0.073 3,而男性工作时间的工资弹性为-0.3443,说明女性和男性的工作时间曲线均向右下倾斜;女性劳动参与的工资弹性为0.539 5,远高于工作时间的工资弹性.因此,政府通过发展农村教育和医疗服务,适当提高城市最低工资标准,将能够有效地促进农村迁移家庭就业水平和收入水平的提高.     

The role of microcredit in reducing women's vulnerabilities to multiple disasters

This article explores the relationship between microcredit and vulnerability reduction for women-headed households in'multiple disasters'. Here multiple disasters are understood as disasters that occur in one specific place and cause severe devastation. The case study covers the super-cyclone in 1999, floods in 2001 and 2003, and drought in 2002 in Orissa, India. The study entailed eight months fieldwork and interviews with several governmental and non-governmental officials and 12 women-headed households from different social castes. The findings suggest that microcredit is a useful tool to replace women's livelihood assets that have been lost in multiple disasters. But inefficient microcredit delivery can cause microdebts and exacerbate caste, class and gender inequalities. It is posited that microcredit delivery cannot achieve vulnerability reduction for women in multiple disasters unless it is complemented by effective financial services, integrated policy planning and disaster management between government, non-governmental organisations and the community.     

文化差异对流动人口环保行为的影响研究——基于方言距离的实证分析

方言差异对个体环保行为的影响主要依据是文化认同理论,个体对其所属文化群体的情感认同和身份认知,涵盖了对特定文化传统、价值观、信仰、习惯和语言的深刻认同感。该理论指出,文化认同不仅影响着个体对自我身份的认知,也影响着他们对他人、社会群体,以及整个社会的态度和行为。本研究基于中国综合社会调查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)(2013)数据,使用普通最小二乘法(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)和调节效应模型分析了方言距离对流动人口环保行为的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明,方言距离总体上显著降低了流动人口的环保行为,且经过内生性和稳健性检验后,这一研究发现依然成立。异质性分析表明,方言距离降低私域环保行为要比公域环保行为更明显,且方言距离降低短期居住者和听说普通话能力较低者的环保行为也更显著。进一步的机制分析发现,较高的环境污染认知、环境重要性认知以及地区环境规制水平均能显著缓解方言距离对环保行为的负面影响。     

Cyclone shelters and their locational suitability: an empirical analysis from coastal Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the poorest and the most disaster‐prone countries in Asia; it is important, therefore, to know how its disaster reduction strategies are organised and planned. Cyclone shelters comprise a widely acceptable form of infrastructural support for disaster management in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to analyse empirically their use during cyclones in a sample study area along the southwest coastal belt of the country. It shows how the location of a cyclone shelter can determine the social power structure in coastal Bangladesh. The results reveal that the establishment of cyclone shelters in the studied communities is determined by neither a right‐based nor a demand‐based planning approach; rather, their creation is dependent on the socio‐political affluence of local‐level decision‐makers. The paper goes on to demonstrate that socially vulnerable households (defined, for example, by income or housing conditions) are afforded disproportionately less access to cyclone shelters as compared to less socially vulnerable households.     

Direct use values of communal resources in Bokong and Tsehlanyane in Lesotho: whither the commons?

SUMMARY

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the contribution of communal resources to households in Bokong and Tsehlanyane in Lesotho. It argues that communal resources are an extremely important element in the livelihoods of people in the study area. It uses households as units of analysis in order to gain an understanding of the role that communal resources play at the micro level before any extrapolations are made to the regional and national levels. A household survey, guided by a detailed semistructured questionnaire, was used. Ten newly constructed houses and vegetable garden enclosures were sampled to categorize and count all poles used to build them. The amount of thatch grass used in building those houses was also estimated. The results indicated that communal resources play a central role in the livelihoods of people in the area with firewood ($1492), crops ($1363) and wild vegetables ($774) recording the highest annual use values per household^?1 yr^?1. The total present value was estimated at $3899 household^?1 yr^?1 with firewood, crops and wild vegetables constituting 93% of that value. The study further demonstrated that communal resources are used across the entire income spread in the area, thereby negating the general belief that they are a preserve of the poor. Finally, the results demonstrated that very little value is derived through trading of resources both within and outside the area but through direct consumption within households invariably escaping national economic accounting. With declining employment rates in Lesotho due to continued retrenchments in the South African mining industry, communal resources in the country remain an indispensable resource that must be carefully managed for the common good.     

能源资源税改革对我国城镇居民的收入分配效应——基于投入产出模型的分析

基于投入产出分析方法,将城镇居民按照收入水平高低分为7个收入阶层,通过计算Suits指数值分析了我国能源资源税由从量征收向从价征收改革对城镇居民的收入分配效应.研究指出：单独实施煤炭资源税或天然气资源税改革具有累退效应,不利于收入分配公平;单独实施石油资源税改革则具有累进效应,有利于收入分配公平;在当前税率下同时实施3种能源资源税改革对收入分配公平基本没有影响;同时,需要关注能源资源税改革对低收入群体的影响,针对能源资源税改革导致低收入群体消费支出增加的情况,应制定相应补贴政策,降低对其福利水平的负面影响.     

Specific features of annual cycles in long-distance migrant birds living at the range boundary: the example of the wood warbler, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phylloscopus sibilatrix</Emphasis>, in the taiga zone of northwestern Russia

Annual cycle phenomena taking place in the nesting part of the range, such as dates of migration and breeding and molting pattern, have been studied in the wood warbler in northwestern Russia, at the boundary of its nesting range. The results provide evidence that the annual cycle of long-distance migrant birds living at the boundary of their nesting range has certain specific features.     

Hierarchical Correlates of Bird Assemblage Structure on Northeastern U.S.A. Lakes

We investigated the factorsstructuring lake shore bird assemblages of thenortheastern U.S.A. using data collected from 158 lakesbetween 1992 and 1994. The assemblage data wereaggregated and standardized to produce assemblagecompositions consisting of proportions of individualsemploying different foraging, dietary, and migratorystrategies. The assemblage data were then re-expressedusing compositional analysis techniques and subjectedto regression tree analysis to identify environmentalcorrelates over a range of scales. Regionally, humandensity in the watershed was the most importantpredictor for the foraging, dietary, and migratorycompositions. A combination of anthropogenic andnon-anthropogenic factors likely contributed to thesebroad-scale associations because land use was largelyconfounded with climate and geomorphology. Morelocally, associations with lake shoreresidential-urban development were identified as beingimportant for the foraging and dietary compositions,as were associations with lake shore wetlands, butonly contingent there being little human developmentpresent locally and regionally. Assemblages wereassociated with increasing local and regional humandevelopment such that: hawking, aerial foraging, andground gleaning individuals increased relative tohover-and-gleaners, foliage gleaners, and barkgleaners; omnivores increased relative toinsectivores; and residents increased relative toneotropical migrants. The observed changes in birdcommunity structure were consistent with declines inforest interior species relative to edge species inresponse to forest fragmentation and suggest thatanthropogenic factors have played a prominent role instructuring lake shore bird assemblages of this region.     

京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的特征与影响机理

文章基于流动人口动态调查数据,使用空间相关分析、Multiple Logistic Regression等分析方法,对京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的程度、空间特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结论显示:京津冀地区约65%左右的流动人口实现了家庭式迁移,一次性举家迁移已成为流动人口家庭迁移过程的主要模式;流动人口的家庭式迁移比重具有明显的空间差异,形成以北京、天津、张家口为轴线的高比重区域,其它地区则以地级城市为中心向外围递减,流动人口的家庭式迁移具有显著的空间依赖性;个体层面的性别、婚姻、年龄、流入时长等因素及家庭层面的家庭规模、家庭总收入、平均年龄、子女数量等因素均对流动人口的家庭迁移状态有显著影响,且流动人口的家庭式迁移表现出明显的基于经济发展水平的区域偏好。     

新生代农民工市民化问题探析——基于生活满意度视角

新生代农民工市民化是我国当前重大社会问题,了解新生代农民工市民化的需求与驱动力对于促进其主动市民化,构建和谐社会具有重要意义。本文认为农民工市民化的过程就是其在城镇就业、定居进而构建并不断提高生活满意程度的过程,因而生活满意度是新生代农民工市民化的实质驱动力。利用四川省成都市的实地调查数据与实证分析,基于296份新生代农民工的问卷调查,采用多元回归分析技术,探讨了经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等对新生代农民工生活满意度的影响程度。分析结果表明:新生代农民工具有追求平等、发展与融入城市的强烈愿望,其生活满意程度取决于经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等方面与城市人的横向比较结果。最后提出了就业环境公平化、社会福利均等化及市民化教育等对策建议,从而有利于促进其从经济、社会到心理的城市融入。