仿生学在作战防护军服中的应用

仿生学是一门综合性较强的创造新技术,不仅推动了人类科技的发展,还为许多科研领域带来了新颖的思维和灵感。本文着重研究了仿生学在作战防护军服上的应用,在对各国新型仿生军服研究的基础上,按照其功能特点加以分类,并逐一介绍了其仿生原理以及在作战防护方面的具体应用。     

装备使用风险管理模型研究

在军事行动中,使用了大量复杂的装备系统,存在相当多的风险因素。如果对其中的风险因素管理不善,风险转化为事故,将造成极大的损失,严重影响部队的战斗力。装备使用风险管理是针对这一问题提出的概念。装备使用风险管理是在提高绩效和最大化作战能力时,用来识别、评估和控制风险的一个逻辑化的决策过程。本文通过分析装备使用风险管理的系统模型——"人-装备-环境-管理-任务"之间的关系及相互作用,并且详细的说明了装备使用风险管理的过程,危险识别、风险评估、分析风险控制、风险控制决策、实施风险控制、监督与评审等六个步骤的过程模型,探讨了风险管理的实施,并且认为风险管理过程的目标就是达到5M模型的最优化。为部队实施风险管理提供参考。     

未来装备技术保障展望

着眼未来高技术战争,立足本职工作,从5个不同的方面探索装备技术保障的发展趋势,凸现了装备技术保障在未来战争中的地位.文章还结合了国家的发展规划和军队的发展理念,以及在这些政策下可能发生的装备管理方式和管理方法的变化,客观地分析了相应的应对措施.     

军用包装与武器装备的环境适应性

阐述了环境对武器装备的影响,讨论了军用包装在武器装备环境适应性中的作用及与环境工程的关系,认为开发新的军用包装材料和包装技术、加强军用包装的环境试验是提高武器装备环境适应性的重要途径。     

‘Enclosing country park land and the conservation of military heritage:’ an Ostromian interpretation of the fools’ paradise

British colonial military heritage structures in Hong Kong are in a state of ruin and government neglect. Urgent attention is required in the form of active management to avoid the loss of valuable heritage resources and the negative impact on the landscape and environment. This paper explores two possible alternatives – user participation and social entrepreneur participation – to achieve innovative solutions to rent dissipation of these structures situated in isolated areas within protected-area boundaries, with a focus on a specific case. Emphasis is placed on fostering public participation, involving the allocation of some property rights. Elinor Ostrom's diagnostic approach to common-pool resource problems is applied to both solutions to determine the conditions necessary to achieve the objectives. The discussions are informed by social entrepreneurship principles and a version of the Coase Theorem, the latter coinciding with Ostrom's view regarding the role of property rights in achieving sustainable outcomes.     

中美军用飞机及武器装备部分底漆标准差异浅析

对比分析了我国军用飞机及武器装备用底漆标准与美军标存在的差异,并提出具体的改进措施。综述了中美现有的军用飞机及武器装备用底漆的相关标准,从标准体系和技术指标两方面入手分析了二者存在的差异。由于时间、经验不足等原因,我国现行军用飞机及武器装备底漆标准体系尚不完善,性能指标尤其是耐盐雾和丝状腐蚀性能与美军标有较大差距。提出了我国军用飞机及武器装备用底漆产品研发以及建立和健全我国军用飞机及武器装备底漆标准的建议,有助于全面提升海洋环境下军机及武器装备腐蚀防护与控制水平。     

缓蚀剂在军用飞机维护中的应用研究

目的验证海洋环境下硬膜水置换型缓蚀剂应用于军用飞机连接部位的有效性。方法采用功能渗透性试验、环境谱加速腐蚀对比试验对缓蚀剂性能进行评价,并通过在某型飞机典型结构部位的领先试用验证缓蚀剂的实际应用效果。结果缓蚀剂渗透率可达到85%。应用于军用飞机内部,对腐蚀的发展有明显的抑制作用,可显著延长腐蚀发生的时间。结论应用缓蚀剂作为腐蚀预防的有效手段,可在军用飞机维护中推广应用。     

Changes in HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge, attitudes and practices among commercial sex workers and military forces in Port Loko, Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone suffered from 11 years of civil war (1991-2002) resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and mutilations together with massive population displacement. In 2001, ARC International, Sierra Leone conducted a baseline survey of 201 commercial sex workers (CSWs) and 202 military respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding HIV/AIDS and STIs in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. In 2003, a comparable post-intervention survey of 202 CSWs and 205 military respondents was performed. Comparison of baseline and post-intervention results showed that HIV/AIDS knowledge increased among both groups, with those able to name three effective means of avoiding AIDS increasing from 5 per cent to 70 per cent among CSWs, and 11 to 75 per cent among the military. Reported condom use during last sex increased among CSWs from 38 to 68 per cent and among military from 39 to 68 per cent. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenges inherent in a post-conflict country, good-quality AIDS-prevention programmes can be effective.     

Assessing possible exposures of ground troops to agent orange during the vietnam War: The use of contemporary military records

BACKGROUND: Potential exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to Agent Orange and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) remains controversial despite the passage of 30 years since the Vietnam War. Because of uncertainty over the serum dioxin levels in ground troops at the end of their service in Vietnam, attempts have been made to develop a methodology for characterizing exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to Agent Orange and other herbicides based upon historical reconstruction from military records. Historical information is often useful in evaluating and modeling exposure, but such information should be reasonably accurate, complete, and reliable. METHODS: This paper reviews the procedures and supporting historical information related to the spraying of herbicides in Vietnam. The historical information is classified into two categories: procedural information and operational information. Procedural information covered the process and procedures followed in spraying herbicides from US Air Force fixed wing aircraft (Operation RANCH HAND) in Vietnam, and included approval procedures for spray missions, the criteria required to conduct a mission, the control exercised by the Forward Air Controller and the Tactical Air Control Center and the characteristics of the equipment used to apply the herbicides. Operational information includes data from the RANCH HAND Daily Air Activities Reports, which included geographic locations of specific spray missions, the amount of herbicide sprayed by a specific mission, reports of battle damage to spray aircraft, reports of fighter aircraft support for aerial spray missions, and any comments, such as reasons for canceling a mission. RESULTS: Historical information demonstrates that herbicide spray missions were carefully planned and that spraying only occurred when friendly forces were not located in the target area. RANCH HAND spray missions were either not approved or cancelled if approved when there were friendly forces in the area designated for spraying. Stringent criteria had to be met before spray missions could be approved. The operational information shows that spray missions for both defoliation and crop destruction were conducted in an extremely hostile environment. Heavy 'fighter suppression' with antipersonnel ordnance was used to minimize the impact of hostile ground fire on RANCH HAND aircraft. Procedures were in place that prohibited movement of troops into sprayed areas immediately after a mission due to the possible presence of unexploded ordnance delivered by fighter aircraft supporting RANCH HAND missions. The optimal nature of the spray equipment and application procedures minimized the possibility of significant spray drift. Conclusions. Few friendly troops were sprayed by fixed wing aircraft during Operation RANCH HAND, which delivered 95% of all defoliants used in Vietnam. Similarly, few troops were sprayed during helicopter or surface-based spray operations, which constituted the remaining 5% of defoliants. Detailed policies and procedures for approval and execution of spray missions ensured that friendly forces were not located in the areas targeted for spraying. Fighter aircraft assigned to accompany each spray mission frequently suppressed much of the hostile fire with bombs and other ordnance. Confirmed clearance of the target area was necessary to avoid friendly casualties. Historical records establish that these policies and procedures were strictly followed. Exposure of troops whether from direct spraying or movement through areas recently sprayed was very unlikely. The wartime military records of troop positions and herbicide operations are valuable for some purposes, but have specific limitations in exposure reconstruction. The completeness and accuracy of the geographic data (maps used by RANCH HAND and military ground units) were dependent upon the inherent precision of the map, the accuracy with which it depicted surface features, and the completeness and accuracy of the information on which it is based. Navigation by the crew using visual orientation and reference to the map was the only means that aircrew on spray missions had for establishing their locations. A Forward Air Controller independent of Operation RANCH HAND was present at the location of each spray target immediately before and during spraying operations to verify the target location and ensure that friendly forces were clear of the target area. Anecdotal reports of direct spraying of troops in Vietnam likely reflect the RANCH HAND missions spraying insecticide for mosquito control at regular intervals from March 1967 through February 1972. Outlook. The distribution and levels of serum dioxin in RANCH HAND veterans and the US Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans (the unit responsible for helicopter and ground-based spray operations) are distinguishable from typical levels in the population decades after the Vietnam conflict. An exposure model similar to that proposed in the 2003 report of the Institute of Medicine's Committee on 'Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam' was tested in 1988 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and found to be a poor predictor of absorbed dose of TCDD. Military records during the Vietnam War lack the precision to determine that troops were directly sprayed with herbicides during Operation RANCH HAND, especially given the procedures in place to ensure clearance of friendly forces from the target area and the lack of elevated serum levels of TCDD in ground troops judged to have operated in heavily sprayed areas.     

Military Intervention and Humanitarian Action: Trends and Issues

An important trend in military doctrine for so-called 'peace support operations' has been to place them on a spectrum that includes coercion and enforcement. This paper focuses on British writers of doctrine as those responsible for driving the debate forward and forging a consensus among leading military powers. Their discourse is combat oriented, a fact reinforced by a trend towards strategic subcontracting to coalitions of the militarily willing and able. At the same time, there has been a move to institutionalise the involvement of military forces in relief, peace building and development activities. The overall emphasis is on stability and security to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian relief and to establish the conditions for peace-building processes. In the case of Bosnia, this involves conditionality and economic leverage. Although there is a long-established record of peace-keeping forces engaging in goodwill activities (with mixed results), the current trends contain contradictions that seem likely to contribute to the widely perceived erosion of classical humanitarian principles.