Effects of Human Population Density and Proximity to Markets on Coral Reef Fishes Vulnerable to Extinction by Fishing

Coral reef fisheries are crucial to the livelihoods of tens of millions of people; yet, widespread habitat degradation and unsustainable fishing are causing severe depletion of stocks of reef fish. Understanding how social and economic factors, such as human population density, access to external markets, and modernization interact with fishing and habitat degradation to affect fish stocks is vital to sustainable management of coral reef fisheries. We used fish survey data, national social and economic data, and path analyses to assess whether these factors explain variation in biomass of coral reef fishes among 25 sites in Solomon Islands. We categorized fishes into 3 groups on the basis of life‐history characteristics associated with vulnerability to extinction by fishing (high, medium, and low vulnerability). The biomass of fish with low vulnerability was positively related to habitat condition. The biomass of fishes with high vulnerability was negatively related to fishing conducted with efficient gear. Use of efficient gear, in turn, was strongly and positively related to both population density and market proximity. This result suggests local population pressure and external markets have additive negative effects on vulnerable reef fish. Biomass of the fish of medium vulnerability was not explained by fishing intensity or habitat condition, which suggests these species may be relatively resilient to both habitat degradation and fishing. Efectos de la Densidad de Poblaciones Humanas y la Proximidad del Mercado sobre Peces de Arrecifes de Coral Vulnerables a la Extinción     

Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales

United States and Canadian governments have responded to legal requirements to reduce human‐induced whale mortality via vessel strikes and entanglement in fishing gear by implementing a suite of regulatory actions. We analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality of large whales in the Northwest Atlantic (23.5°N to 48.0°N), 1970 through 2009, in the context of management changes. We used a multinomial logistic model fitted by maximum likelihood to detect trends in cause‐specific mortalities with time. We compared the number of human‐caused mortalities with U.S. federally established levels of potential biological removal (i.e., species‐specific sustainable human‐caused mortality). From 1970 through 2009, 1762 mortalities (all known) and serious injuries (likely fatal) involved 8 species of large whales. We determined cause of death for 43% of all mortalities; of those, 67% (502) resulted from human interactions. Entanglement in fishing gear was the primary cause of death across all species (n = 323), followed by natural causes (n = 248) and vessel strikes (n = 171). Established sustainable levels of mortality were consistently exceeded in 2 species by up to 650%. Probabilities of entanglement and vessel‐strike mortality increased significantly from 1990 through 2009. There was no significant change in the local intensity of all or vessel‐strike mortalities before and after 2003, the year after which numerous mitigation efforts were enacted. So far, regulatory efforts have not reduced the lethal effects of human activities to large whales on a population‐range basis, although we do not exclude the possibility of success of targeted measures for specific local habitats that were not within the resolution of our analyses. It is unclear how shortfalls in management design or compliance relate to our findings. Analyses such as the one we conducted are crucial in critically evaluating wildlife‐management decisions. The results of these analyses can provide managers with direction for modifying regulated measures and can be applied globally to mortality‐driven conservation issues. Evaluación del Manejo para Mitigar Efectos Antropogénicos sobre Ballenas Mayores     

Which forcing factors fit? Using ecosystem models to investigate the relative influence of fishing and changes in primary productivity on the dynamics of marine ecosystems

Fishing mortality and primary production (or proxy for) were used to drive the dynamics of fish assemblages in 9 trophodynamic models of contrasting marine ecosystems. Historical trends in abundance were reconstructed by fitting model predictions to observations from stock assessments and fisheries independent survey data. The model fitting exercise derives values for otherwise unknown parameters that specify the relative strength of trophic interactions and, in some instances, a time series anomaly for changes in primary production. We measured how much better or worse were model predictions when bottom-up forcing by primary production were added to top-down forcing by fishing. Searching for cross system patterns, the relative contribution of fishing and changes in primary production, mediated through trophic interactions, are evaluated for the ecosystems as a whole and for selected similar species in different ecosystems. The analysis provides a simple qualitative way to explain which forcing factors have most influence on modeled dynamics. Both fishing and primary production forcing were required to obtain the best model fits to data. Fishing effects more strongly influenced 6 of 9 of the ecosystems, but primary production was more often found to be the main factor influencing the selected pelagic and demersal fish stock trends. Examination of sensitivity to ecological and model parameters suggests that the results are the product of complex food-web interactions rather than simple deterministic responses of the models.     

与土体部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与SH波的动力相互作用

利用波函数展开法结合奇异积分方程技术,研究了部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与土体的出平面动力相互作用问题。把脱离区看做界面裂纹,将问题归结为一组奇异积分方程。通过数值计算获得了土体和基础中的位移场。利用动应力强度因子描述了粘接区的切应力强度,其结果显示:有缝隙界面基础与土体的动力相互作用呈现明显的低频共振特性。奇异积分方程技术的引入,使得笔者所用方法与已有方法相比更具一般性。研究结果对埋置结构的安全评估与寿命预测具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

构建三元混合污染物的三维等效图

等效线分析法广泛应用于二元混合物的毒性相互作用评估.然而,如何构建三维等效图以考察三元混合物中发生的毒性相互作用至今没有文献报道.本研究的主要目的即以三元混合物中3个组分的相对浓度为坐标轴建立三维等效图以考察三元混合物的毒性相互作用.以6种目前在中国广泛使用的农药,包括3种除草剂(2,4-D、敌草净、西草净)和3种杀虫剂(乐果、吡虫啉、残杀威)为混合物组分,采用均匀设计射线法(UD-Ray)分别对三元除草剂和三元杀虫剂混合物中各组分浓度分布进行优化设计,以全面表征实际混合物的浓度多样性.通过费氏弧菌微板毒性分析法测定农药及其三元混合物在不同浓度下的发光抑制毒性,以浓度加和(CA)模型为加和参考模型,建立三维等效图,分析各混合物的毒性相互作用.结果表明,三维等效图能清晰、直观地反映三元混合物的毒性相互作用信息,开拓等效分析法在三元混合物毒性分析中的应用.     

云南兰坪县城滑坡地质特征及其成因分析

2000年9月兰坪县城发生特大型山体滑坡,造成重大经济损失,采取挡墙、抗滑桩等措施后,北部边坡局部基本稳定,南部依见明显新变形,2010~2013年尤甚。基于滑坡现状特征及区域地质环境条件分析,提出了以隐伏断裂(F2)为界将滑坡区重新分块,能够合理反映滑坡的变形破坏特征,并为类似滑坡地质勘察加强针对隐伏断裂的影响分析具有重要的借鉴意义。通过分析滑坡体地质及变形破坏特征,认为滑坡的成因主要受控于滑坡区发育的不利岩性条件及地质结构面,水~岩作用是导致岩体崩解破坏诱发滑坡的主要因素。     

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol with hydrogen peroxide

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol(MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4–H2O2mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients(γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol(MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides(ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route,which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions.     

生态文明视域下技术创新、产业升级与污染控制的互作效应研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,环境污染问题已成为生态文明建设亟需解决的重要问题.生态文明是对农业文明和工业文明的超越,代表了更为高级的人类文明形态.生态文明建设是体现经济、社会、环境可持续发展以及人与自然和谐共存的重要战略决策.本文从环境质量改善及污染控制的有效性方面,深入剖析了技术创新、产业升级与污染控制之间的互作效应关系,并探讨了有效的实现方式.研究结果旨在为生态文明建设的有效实施和顺利展开提供借鉴和参考价值.     

SDBS/Na+对红壤胶体悬液稳定性的影响

土壤中普遍存在的有机污染物和无机离子与土壤胶体颗粒的相互作用深刻地影响着土壤中一系列物理、化学和生物学过程.选取红壤胶体作为对象,利用动态光散射技术研究了不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Na+作用下红壤胶体颗粒的凝聚过程,并结合体系的pH和Zeta电位分析了SDBS/Na+与土壤胶体颗粒相互作用的机制.结果表明:①相同浓度Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,土壤胶体悬液稳定性增强.例如120 mmol·L-1Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度从0 mmol·L-1升高到10 mmol·L-1,凝聚体有效粒径从702 nm下降至193 nm,总体平均凝聚速率从28.6 nm·min-1减小到3.36 nm·min-1;②相同浓度SDBS作用下,随着Na+浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值显著降低,凝聚体有效粒径逐渐增大,凝聚速率逐渐加快;③仅SDBS作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值从47.6 mV增加到62.2 mV,体系pH从6.17升高到6.76,但均小于土壤胶体悬液本身的pH(6.89).因此,SDBS通过疏水作用和静电作用吸附于土壤胶体颗粒表面,增加了颗粒表面的负电荷数量,降低了作用于胶体颗粒表面的有效Na+浓度(SDBS疏水长链的空间阻碍和高浓度SDBS所形成的胶束结构对Na+的吸附),使得胶体悬液稳定性增强,需要添加更多的Na+才能发生凝聚.     

Zn2+对铁氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响

研究2种人工合成的铁氧化物对磺酰脲类除草剂--苄嘧磺隆(bensulfuron-methyl,BSM)的吸附,以及Zn2 对供试样品吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响.实验结果表明,用Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin等方程对供试样品加入Zn2 后吸附BSM的数据进行了拟合,发现供试样品吸附苄嘧磺隆的等温曲线较好地符合Freundlich方程.加入Zn2 后,铁氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量较未加Zn2 有较大幅度的增加,但在苄嘧磺隆的平衡质量浓度较低(＜4 mg/L)时,氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量不随Zn2 浓度的增加而增加;在苄嘧磺隆的平衡质量浓度较高(＞6 mg/L)时,氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量随Zn2 浓度的增加而增加.这可能是Zn2 和苄嘧磺隆被吸附时存在竞争和协同交互作用的结果.